KIN 223 CHAPTER 1: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURE/READING

Anatomy

The study of structure and form.

Physiology

The study of the functions of the body parts.

The Scientific Method

* Examine through observation
* Develop & test the hypothesis
* Determine if data supports/rejects the hypothesis

Microscopic Anatomy

Examines Structures that the unaided eye cannot see.

Cytology

* microscopic anatomy

The study of body cells and their internal structures (Cellular anatomy) .

Histology

* microscopic anatomy

The study of body cells and their internal structures (Web/Tissue).

Gross Anatomy /Macroscopic Anatomy

The study of the structures & relationship of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye.

Systemic Anatomy

* gross anatomy

The study of each functional body system.

Regional Anatomy

* gross anatomy

All of the structures in a particular region of the body as a complete unit.

Surface Anatomy

* gross anatomy

Focuses on both superficial anatomic markings and the internal body structures → relates to skin covering.

Comparative Anatomy

* gross anatomy

The similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species.

Embryology

* gross anatomy

The discipline concerned with developmental changes occurring from conception to birth.

Pathologic

Anatomy examines all anatomic changes resulting from disease.

Radiographic Anatomy

The relationship among internal structures that may be visualized by specific scanning procedures (x-rays, ultrasound, etc.).

Cardiovascular Physiology

The functioning of the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

Neurophysiology

Nerve impulses are propagated throughout the nervous system.

Respiratory Physiology

Respiratory gases are transferred by gas exchange between the lungs and the blood vessels.

Reproductive Physiology

The regulation of reproductive hormones can drive the reproductive cycle and influence sex cells production and maturation.

Pathophysiology

The relationship between the functioning of an organ system and disease or injury to that organ system.

Organization

All organisms exhibit a complex structure and order.

Metabolism

* All organisms engage in metabolism
* Sum of all chemical reactions that occur within the body

Anabolism

Small molecules → larger molecules

Catabolism

Large molecules → smaller molecules

Levels of Organization in the human body

Chemical level → cellular level → tissue level → organ level → organ system level → organism level

Metabolism

Receptors → Control Center/Stimuli → Effector

Integumentary System

Provides protection, prevents water loss and gain, synthesizes vitamin D, releases secretions, regulates body temperature, and houses sensory receptors.

Skeletal System

Provides support and protection, site of hematopoiesis (blood cells production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provides sites for ligaments and muscle attachments.

Muscular System

Produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract.

Nervous System

A regulatory system that responds to sensory stimuli, and controls muscles and some glands. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory.

Endocrine System

Consists of glands and cell cluster that secrete hormones, (some of which regulate development, growth, and metabolism); maintain homeostasis of blood composition and volume, control digestive processes, and control reproductive functions.

Cardiovascular System

Consists of the heart (a pump) and blood vessels; through heart moves blood through blood vessels in order to distribute hormones, nutrients, gasses, and pick up waste products.

Lymphatic System

Transport and filter lymph (interstitial fluids that is collected in and transported through lymph vessels) and may participate in an immune response.

Respiratory System

Responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbo dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs.

Urinary System

Filters the blood to remove waste products and biologically active molecules, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine from the body.

Digestive System

Mechanically and chemically digests food, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products.

Male Reproductive System

Produces male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone), transfers sperm to the female.

Female Reproductive System

Produces female sec cells (oocytes) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone), recieves sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus, produces and secretes breast milk for nourishment of newborn.

Anatomic Position

Stands upright with the feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs are at the sides of the body, and the palms face anteriorly (frontwards); the head is level and the eyes look forward.

Section

An actual cut or slice to expose the internal anatomy

Plane

An imaginary flat surface passing through the body

* 3 anatomic planes

\- The coronal

\- The transverse

\- The Midsagittal

Coronal Plane

Vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts, (Frontal plane).

Transverse plane

A horizontal plane or cross-sectional plane

* Divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

A Midsagittal Plane

Median plane

* A vertical plane and divides the body or organ into equal left and right halves

Oblique Planes

Minor planes that pass through a structure at an angle.

Anterior

Front

Posterior

Back

Proximal

Nearer to the trunk

Distal

Father from the trunk

Superior

Above, towards the head

Inferior

Below, away from the head

The Axial Region

The head, neck, and trunk

The Appendicular Region

Composed of the upper and lower limbs which attach the axial region.

Cephalic

Head

Frontal

Forehead

Orbital

Eye

Nasal

Nose

Buccal

Cheek

Oral

Mouth

Mental

Chin

Thoracic Cavity

* The median space between the lungs is called the mediastinum
* Lungs, heart, upper torso, and chest

Axillary

Armpit

Mammary

Breast

Pectoral

Chest

Sternal

Sternum

Abdominal Cavity

Abdomen/ Between the chest or thorax above and the pelvis below and from the spine in the back to the wall of abdominal muscles in the front

Pelvic Cavity

A funnel-shaped space surrounded by pelvic bones

Coxal

Hip

Inguinal

Groin

Pubic

Penis / Vagina

Cervical

Neck

Upper Extremity

The part of the body that includes the arm, wrist, and hand.

Deltoid

Shoulder

Brachial

Arm

Antecubital

Front of elbow

Olecranal

Elbow

Antebrachial

Forearm

Carpal

Wrist

Dorsum of the hand

Back of hand

Manus

Hand

Palamr

Palm

Digital

Finger

Lower Extremity

The part of the body that includes the leg, ankle, and foot.

Femoral

Thigh

Patellar

Kneecap

Popliteal

Posterior of knee

Crural

Leg

Sural

Calf

Calcaneal

Heel

Plantar Surface

Sole

Tarsal

Ankle

Dorsum of the Foot

Top of Foot

Digital

Toe

Pes

Toe

Cranial

Surrounding the brain

Occipital

Back of head

Auricular

Ear

Vertebral

Spinal Column

Lumbar

Lower back

Sacral

Posterior of hip bone (tail bone).

Gluteal

Buttock