Python Midterm

Hardware

physical components of a computer (case, mouse, monitor, fan, etc)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

"Brain" of the computer that performs instructions defined by software

Main Memory

works with the CPU and stores a program and data (RAM- memory lost when powered off)

Secondary Storage Device

long-term memory that holds data (CD, DVD, USB, etc)

Input Device

collects the data and sends it to the computer (keyboard, mouse, etc)

Output Device

data is sent to these where it is presented (displays, printers, Word document, etc)

Software

the programs and other operating information used by a computer.

Binary

1 = on

0 = off

bit

binary digit ( 1 or 0 )

byte

store a letter or small number (8 bits)

machine language (low-level programming language)

series of 1s and 0s

programming language

allows programmers to communicate with a computer that we understand

Assembly Language

more human-like language, a step up from machine language

Assembler

converts Assembly to Machine

Python (high-level programming language

more like our native languages

keywords/ reserved words

has a specific meaning and cant be used for anything else (and, break, while, def, etc)

operators

preform various operations on data (+, -, ==,)

syntax

set of rules that must be strictly followed when writing a program

statement

individual instructions you use to write a program (keywords, operators, etc)

compiler

translate high-level language programs into machine language so the CPU can can understand it (BEFORE)

interpretor

translates and executes instructions of a high-level language program (DURING)

low-level

CPU dependent (not portable)

high-level

Not CPU dependent (portable)

Object

item in a program that contains data and can preform operations

properties/attributes

data in the Object

Methods

special type of procedure that belongs to an Object

algorithm

set of well-defined logical steps that allow a computer to solve a problem

algorithm make-up**

1. Well-ordered and unambiguous 2. be executable 3. solve the problem at hand 4. terminate

command = 'print'

statement = ("Hello World")

**Variable makeup

1. Name (identifier) 2. Value 3. Location 4. Type

string

"Alice"

integer

25

float

5.5

Boolean/bool

represents a Boolean value (Ture/Flase)

getting user input

name = input("Enter your name: ")

output (using f-strings)

print(f"Hello, {name}!")

Control Flow

conditional statements, loops (for..in and while)

conditional statement

if age >= 18:

print("You are an adult.")

elif age < 18:

print("You are a minor.")

else:

print("Invalid age.")

For Loop

for i in range(5):

print(i)

For loop ex

for x in range(10, 0, -1):

print(x)

else:

print(“Blast Off!”)

for X in my_List:

print (X)

don't have to define the variable before

While Loop ex.

count = 0

while count < 5: print(count)

count += 1

While Loop

execute code repeated as long as the condition remains TRUE

len

built-in function the number of items in the sequence

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

print(len(numbers))

5

function

block of reusable code that performs a certain task

function make-up

1. name (identifier) 2. return type 3. parameter list 4. body

def

defines the function

function name

def function_name()

call this function many times using the name but with a different parameters

return

exits the function

random module

import random "random.randrange(1,100,1)"

list

append

append an element to the end of a list

my_list.append(X)

Pop

"remove" or pop an index off the List

remove

remove an element from the list

my_List.remove(x)

local variable

inside a function; do not exist outside of it

global variable

outside a function

string

an array of characters

string concatenation

+

print (3 * "Hip")

duplicate the string

Data structures

way of organizing data so that it can be accessed more efficently

list

a container which stores a collection of related values; also a sequence