Lec. 9: IDD

What is intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD)?

Term often used to describe situations in which intellectual disability and other disabilities are present

What does an IDD affect?

All

Intellectual Disability:

A developmental problem of the mind leads to impaired abilities in cognitive, language, motor and social skills

Cerebral Palsy:

A group of chronic disorders characterized by a non-progressive loss of movement caused by injuries to the immature brain during fetal development or near the time of birth.

What kind of condition is cerebral palsy?

Non progressive

What does cerebral palsy affect?

Ability to move and maintain balance and posture. Abilities to control his or her muscles

What kind of conditions going to be found in a cerebral palsy patient?

Both

What is the most common cerebral palsy classification?

Spastic

What kind of signs and observations do you see in a spastic CP classification?

Muscle stiffness

What kind of signs and observations do you see in a athetoid CP classification?

Involuntary motion & drooling

What kind of signs and observations do you see in a ataxic CP classification?

equilibrium disturbance

What is quadriplegia?

Both arms and both legs involved

What is diplegia?

lower limbs only

What is hemiplegia?

One side of body

What is an associated condition with cerebral palsy?

Epilepsy or other seizure activity & ADHD

What is not a visual characteristics of CP?

Ambloypia

What is high likely associated with CP?

cortical visual impairment (CVI)

Down syndrome:

A condition where a person has an extra copy of chromosome 21

What age is a risk factor for a woman to have kids start?

35 year and older

What is not a facial feature for down syndrome?

A prominent nose or highly arched eyebrows.

What is not a physical feature for down syndrome?

Longer necks and bigger hands

What is not an ocular manifestation of down syndrome?

Oculomotor dysfunction

What test to do to check accommodation in down syndrome patients?

MEM & consider bifocals

What type of collagen is messed up in patients with down syndrome?

Type IV

What is Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

A developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior

Who is more likely to be diagnosed with ASD?

Boys

ASD etiology

Multifactorial between genetics, environment, and biological differences

ADHD etiology:

Deficient or decreased number of dopamine receptors in the frontal cortex

What will be affected visually in patients with ADHD?

Visual motor function

• Saccades, pursuits, fixations, vergence, accommodation

What else will be affected visually in patients with ADHD?

Visual processing/perception

• Visual memory, visual-spatial orientation, visual attention

Cerebral visual impairment

A neurological form of visual impairment caused by “damage or atypical structures in the visual pathways and/or visual processing centers of the brain

What is one of the causes of CVI?

Hypoxic ischemia

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother’s pregnancy

How to diagnose fetal alcohol syndrome?

By facial features. There is no labs or tests you can run

Fragile X syndrome

Condition causes a range of developmental problems including learning disabilities and cognitive impairment

Why might parents of a patient with fragile X syndrome might think their kid has an eye turn?

They have epicanthal folds

What can fragile x syndrome patient has?

Strabismus and refractive error