musculoskeletal & neurological terms

hyaline cartilage

hard, bone-like(on joint surface)

fibrocartilage

rubbery(meniscus, labrum(

ligament

bone to bone

tendon

muscle to bone

fascia

broad category of connective tissue

physis or epiphyseal line

growth plate

epiphysis

end of boned

diaphysis

long shaft of bone

head

prominent, round articulating end of a bone

neck

narrow region near the head

apophysis

site of tendon attachment

non-articulating projections

trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle

trochanter

very large process(only on femur)

tuberosity

large, round processt

tubercle

small, round process

condyle

articulating surface, round, articulating knob

depressions & openings

foramen, fissure, meatus, sinus

foramen

round opening for nerves/blood vessels

fissure

narrow slit

meatus

opening/passage into a bone

sinus

cavity/hollow space

calvicul/o

clavicle

cost/o

ribs

dactyl/o

fingers/toes

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

vertebrae/spine

stern/o

sternumt

thorac/o

chest

calcane/o

calcaneus/heel

femor/o

femur/thigh

fibul/o, perone/o

fibula

ili/o

ilium

ischi/o

ischium

lumb/o

lower back

pelv/i/o

pelvis

tibi/o

tibia

ankyl/o

stiff/crooked

burs/o

fluid sac

kyph/o

humpback

lamin/o

lamina(part of vertebrae)

lord/o

swayback

myel/o

bone marrow or spinal cord

orth/o

straight

scoli/o

crooked

synov/o

synovium of the joint

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon

lordosis

inward curvature of cervical and lumbar spine

kyphosis

outward curvature of thoracic spine

avulsion

tendon pulls away from bonec

claudication

leg cramping/pain with exercise

contracture

fibrosis of connective tissue around a joint that prevents full ROM

crepitus

audible crunching/grating sound with joint movement

cyst

fluid filled tumor

osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

osteporosis

loss of bone minerals causing porous, fragile bones

spondylolisthesis

slipping of vertebrae

spondylosis

degeneration of vertebrae

sprain

stretching/tearing a ligament

strain

stretching/tearing a tendon

subluxation

partial dislocation

closed reduction

realigning a fracture without surgery

open reduction internal fixation(ORIF)

realigning a fracture and fixing it(with nails or plates) surgically

arthrocentesis

puncture of a joint with a needle to remove fluid

arthroscopy

visualizing a joint with a small camera

afferent

sensory or upward toward brain pathways

affected by sensory

efferent

motor or downward from brain pathways

encepahal/o

brain

gangli/o

knot(where multiple neurons connect)

gli/o

glia; CNS support cells

mening/i/o

spinal cord(marrow)

narc/o

sleep, stupor

radicul/o

nerve root

thalam/o

thalamus

thec/o

sheath

ton/o

tension

ventricul/o

ventricle

-algesia, -algia

pain

-asthenia

weakness

-kinesia

movement

-lepsy

seizure

-paresis

weakness

-phagia

eating

-phasia

speaking

-plegia

paralysis

-taxia

order, coordination

agnosia

inability to comprehend

ataxia

loss of coordination

coma

abnormally deep unconsciousness

concussion

mild traumatic injury to brain

convulsion

sudden, violent muscle contraction

dementia

broad term for cognitive deficit with memory impairment

dyskinesia

abnormal or difficult movement

dyslexia

difficulty processing written language in spite of intact senses, intelligence

dysphagia

difficulty eating/swallow

dysphasia

difficulty speaking

hydrocephalus

accumulation of fluid in ventricles of the brain, causing increased ICP

hypertonia

abnormal excessive muscle tension

hypotonia

abnormal lack of muscle tension

lethargy

abnormal lack of response to stimuli

palsy

paralysis; usual partial and accompanied by weakness or shaking

cerebral palsy(CP)

brain injury acquired by a child before or shortly after birth