SHH 270: Exam 3

What are the complications w cleft lip and palate

behavioral and cognitive problems, feeding and speech problems

Cleft

most common type of congenital craniofacial abnormality

Cleft cause

family history (genes), environment (ex: lack of vitamins, presence of alc/smoking), or cause is not known (Mayo Clinic)

Embryonic phase

when cleft occurs, during development of face, in phase 2 of development week 2-8

Types of cleft lip

bilateral complete cleft, unilateral incomplete cleft, unilateral complete cleft

Complete cleft palate

involves hard palate, soft palate & uvula; affects nasal structures, usually occurs w cleft lip

Incomplete cleft palate

usually involves soft palate; at least some of hard palate is intact, usually no cleft lip

Submucus cleft

cleft in the muscular layer of the soft palate, but cleft is covered by an intact layer of mucosa

Cleft complications

middle ear infection/hearing loss, dental issues, speech problems, trouble sucking

Professionals involved w cleft lip/palate

SLP, dentist, audiologist, surgeon, case worker, ENT: otolaryngologist, pediatrician

Apraxia of speech

associated w damage to premotor cortex in left hemisphere, articulatory groping can be observed during speech,

Apraxia

disorder results from problems w speech motor planning and programming

Aphasia

disorder is associated w language deficits

Dysarthia cause

disorder is the result of damage to the motor cortex

Subsystems of speech

respiratory (breath), laryngeal (voice), articulatory & resonance

Motor speech production

what it takes to contract muscles to move and manipulate the articulators; lungs, vocal folds etc. for speech production

Motor speech involves

frontal lobe (in the cerebrum), cerebellum, brainstem, nerves

Motor speech disordes

associated w neurological damage, not associated w structural deviation like cleft lip/palate

Motor speech disorders causes

Tumor, stroke, TBI, dementia, Parkinson and Huntington disease, ALS

Dysarthia

impairment of motor control for speech; affects all aspects of speech production: articulation, resonance, vocal fold functioning, breath support w speech

Flaccid dysarthria

speech problems due to muscle weakness, due to lower motor neuron damage (PNS)

Spastic dysarthria

speech problems due to weakness plus increased muscle tone and stiffness; results fom UMN damage in motor cortex

Ataxic dysarthria

poor coordination of movements for speech production, results from damage to cerebellum

Hyperkinetic dysarthria

too much involuntary movement - unable to inhibit movement; results from damage in basal ganglia & midbrain

Hypokinetic dysarthria

too little movement; results from damage in basal ganglia & midbrain

Oral swallowing stage structures

buccal, teeth, saliva, lips, tongue

Pharyngeal swallowing stage structures

velum, vallecula, epiglottis

Esophageal swallowing stage structures

Upper esophagus sphincter, esophagus

Problems in oral stage

food falls out of mouth when eating, liquid pools in cheeks

Problems in pharyngeal stage

velum does not raise to protect nasal cavity, epiglottis does not drop over larynx

Problems in esophageal stage

peristalsis is damaged, food is unable to empty into the stomach

Oropharyngeal dyspahgia

due to structural or neurological problems

Esophageal dysphagia

due to structural or neurological causes, trouble passing food through esophagus to stomach

Functional Dysphagia

no identifiable medical cause, sense of lump in throat, feels like food gets stuck in throat

Esophageal diverticula

weak areas of esophagus that form pouches or sacs in esophagus that traps fluid and solids

Unaided AAC system examples

hand gestures, shrugging

Aided low technology AAC system examples

memory book, wall calendar

Mid-high tech AAC system examples

iPad, device w speech generator

AAC

use of additional mode of communication to facilitate a persons ability to express a message successfully

Augment

some ppl with disabilities talk but we may have difficulty understanding their speech

Alternative

Others are not able to use speech to communicate. These individuals can be taught to communicate in other ways

Direct selection

person chooses item on AAC device

Indirect selection (scanning)

for people unable to choose items directly, usually due to impairment in motor control

Electronic switch

the user uses switch to activate the symbol scanning movement to select a symbol on device; can be used by hand, jaw, eyebrow, etc.

Sound waves

pressure waves through air often audible to the human ear

Sine waves on spectrogram

show the sound wave over time in visual format so it can be measured and analyzed

Medical deafness

minimal hearing or complete loss

Culturally deafness

deafness is a cultural identity without reference to degree of severity

Aural rehabilitation

management of hearing loss for someone who originally had normal hearing

Aural habilitation

management of hearing loss for someone who was born with a hearing impairment

Myringotomy

drain middle ear fluid and place a ventilation tube; tubes are pushed out as the tympanic membrane heals

Tympanoplasty

repair perforated tympanic membrane; or repair ossicles