TOPIC 2: Genes and Genomes

Carbohydrates

• Monomer:

• functional group/s:

• Chemical bond

• Example:

• Monosaccharide

• hydroxyl and carbonyl group

• Glycosidic bond

• Starch and cellulose

Lipids

• Monomer:

• functional group/s:

• Chemical bond:

• Example:

• Fatty acid

• Esters and carboxyl

• Ester bond

• Phospholipids

Proteins

• Monomer:

• functional group/s:

• Chemical bond:

• Example:

• Amino acids

• Amine and hydroxyl group

• Peptide bond

• Keratin

Nucleic acids

• Monomer:

• functional group/s:

• Chemical bond:

• Example:

• Nucleotides

• Phosphate and amine group

• Phosphodiester bond

• DNA and RNA

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

glucose, fructose, and galactose

Glucose + glucose= ?

Maltose

Glucose + fructose =?

Sucrose

Glucose + galactose =

Lactose

Most common type of sugar?

Glucose

Sugar found in fruits?

Fructose

Sugar found in beer?

Maltose

Lipids with single bond

Saturated

Lipids with double bonds

Unsatured

Lipids with a single double bonds

Monounsaturated

Lipids with many double bonds

Polyunsaturated

The entire set of genetic make up of an organism, inherited from its parents.

Genotype

All of an organism's observable traits, which can include physical features, biochemical makeup, and behavior.

Phenotype

How an organism's genetic material make more of itself? Be particular

Cell division - interphase

DNA's ability to copy itself endlessly through the process of ?

Replication

Gene expression happens in what particular process of central dogma?

Translation

These are abnormalities, errors or incorrect sequence of genes.

• Good: they enhance features

• bad: they cause disease

DNA mutation or Mutation

Mutations can be caused by? Give the 2 factors

Environmental factors and Hereditary

True or false:

If mutated gene had gone through genetic engineering, the mutated gene cannot be inherited anymore

True

True or false:

After genetic engineering, a gene in a cell will undergo cell division changing the cells in the body

True

Why are genes regulated? Give 2 reasons

To avoid mutation and to maintain integrity of the genes

It is a cluster of genes with related functions. It can do a controlled expression of functionally related genes. It is a control sequence that turn on or off genes

Operon

This is a cluster of genes that uses promoter, operator and repressor for gene regulation

Lac operon

In gene regulation, this is a section of a control sequence where the Transcription enzyme initiates Transcription

Promoter

In gene regulation, this is a DNA segment that acts as a switch that is for turned on or off. It is also the binding site for repressor

Operator

This is a protein that binds to the operator and physically blocks the attachment of RNA polymerase.

Repressor

True or false

Off State: A repressor protein binds to the operator when is specific molecule is not present yet, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the genes. This "switches off" the operon.

On State: The repressor protein detaches from the operator when a specific molecule is now present, allowing RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and transcribe the genes. This "switches on" the operon.

True

Repressor is also known as?

Silencers

With the discovery of the ___ structure, this paved the way for the conceptualization of genetic engineering

DNA

A process that uses laboratory based technologies to alter the DNA make up of an organism

Genetic engineering

True of false

Genetic engineering can be:

• Changing a single base pair

• Deleting a region of DNA

• Adding a new segment of DNA

A laboratory method that involves combining DNA fragments from different sources to create new genetic material

Recombinant DNA technology

During the genetic engineering of salmon, the growth hormone was obtained from this salmon species named as?

Chinook salmon

During the genetic engineering of salmon, the promotor gene was isolated from what species of salmon?

Ocean pout

During the genetic engineering of salmon, the eggs from this species of salmon were genetically engineered through inserting the growth hormone from chinook salmon powered by promoter gene from ocean pout salmon to increase the size of salmon, giving rise to Genetically modified (GM) salmon.

What is the species of salmon where eggs were used during genetic engineering process?

Atlantic salmon

During the genetic engineering of corn, the bacteria named ___ (BT) was obtained and inserted into specific section of gene of corn resulting for pest to die when feeding on any plant part.

Bacillus thuringiensis

What is the name of the corn that has been genetically engineered?

BT corn

True or false:

The negative effect of BT corn to farmers is that they will depend to GM industries since the BT corn seeds have low reproductive fitness

True