cuban

(date) a rebel force led by (name), (name), and (name) overthrew the pro-american dictatorship of (name)

dec 31, 1958; fidel Castro, Raul Castro, Ernesto “che” Guevara; fulgencio batista

fidel Castro relationship with Raul castro

younger brother

who is ernesto Che Guevara and how did he meet the castros

argentine Marxist revolutionary who met the castro’s while they were in exile in mexico

what movement was established by Castro and his fellow rebels

26th of july movement

in (month, yr), the 26th of July movement became the communist party of cuba

october 1965

cuba began to operate along what and modeled after what

marxist Leninist lines; Soviet communist party

how did Castro transform cuba (4)

1) eliminate political opposition

2) expropriate large landholdings and redistributing them to peasants and cooperatives

3) nationalizing industry and business

4) establishing a one-party state

cubas changes alienated what groups (4)

landowners, business owners, professionals, those associated with batista

name the 3 waves + years

1) golden exiles 1959-62

2) freedom flights 1965-73

3) mariel exodus 1980

cuba is how far from Florida in miles and kilometers

90 miles or 145 km

cubans passed through what body of water to get to us

straits of florida

how many Cubans have migrated to the mainland us

1.7 mill

how many relocated to other places than the US?

300k

300k Cubans relocated to (9 places) other than the us

spain, Puerto Rico, venezuela, latin America and caribbean countries, Germany, Italy, Canada, Mexico, france

what types of people made up the first two waves

middle and upper class, well-educated, middle-aged, light-skinned, lived in major urban centers

anotehr name for golden exiles

histrocial exiles

what jobs did the golden exiles have (5)

large landowners, business executives, govt officials, military officers, supporters of batista

golden exiles mainly lived where in cuba

havana (the capital)

what were the hopes of the golden exiles

to return home

in (month, yr) a Cuban exile force known as (name) that was trained and financed by the US landed at (place) on the (direction) coast of Cuba

april 1961; brigade 2506; bay of pigs; southwestern

goal of brigade 2506

overthrow Castro and establish non-communist govt

what happened to brigade? how many ppl died? how many forced to surrender?

over 100 members died; 1,200 forced to surrender

effect of what happened to brigade

us policy changed toward Cuba and Cuban refugees

how long is golden exile wave? from what month, yr to what month yr

4 yrs; Jan 1959 - Oct 1962

how many Cubans moved to us during golden exile

200k

how many children moved during operation Peter pan

14k

why were kids sent

to be protected from the revolution’s radical changes and possibility of mandatory military service

operation Peter pan lasted from

dec 1960 to oct 1962

golden exiles applied for and obtained visas from (2 places)

us embassy in Havana and consulate in santiago

golden exiles main point of entry and transportation

miami; commerical airlines

us terminated its diplomatic relations with Cuba on

jan 3, 1961

commericla travel between the two countries was interrupted by

cuban missile crisis

cuban missile crisis month, yr

october 1962

after the missile crisis how did Cubans escape

made inner tubes and small makeshift vessels

between 1962 and 1965 how many people arrived thru boat

6,700

boat people in spanish

balseros

from 1962-65 how many Cubans entered the US from Mexico and spain

55,900

cubans leaving the island for the US were called what by Cuban leaders

worms or traitors

why did Castro sometimes allow people to leave the island without us authorization

to export political dissidents and surplus labor

times Cuba opened their own ports (date and name of port)

october 10, 1965: camarioca in matanzas

april 1980: mariel

camarioca in Matanzas was across the straits of Florida from

key west

who greeted members of the 2506 Cuban invasion brigade? when and where?

pres jfk and his wife Jacqueline; Dec 29, 1962; Miami

how many people left from camerioca

4,500

when did camarioca close

nov 15, 1965

us created an air bridge between what two cities

miami and varadero

freedom flights occurred from what date to what

dec 1, 1965 to april 6, 1973

us govt funded how many flights

3,048

how many flights happened in a day

2

how many Cubans were transported each month during the freedom flights

3k-4k

freedom flights brought how many people

260,600

during the rest of the 1970s how many cubans moved to the us and from where

38k; Jamaica and venezuela

changes in the demographics and reasons of moving in freedom flights

more racially diverse, increasing shares of working class individuals, moving for more economic reasons

mariel exodus is also known as

mariel boatlift

mariel was triggered by what

visits of more than 100k Cuban exiles in their native country in 1979

when was the Mariel exodus

april 1980

how many Cubans left thru mariel

124,800

the Cuban officials forced elixes to take

scoria (scum)

scoria is made up of

prosititues, inmates, homosexuals

where did Mariel drop off the exiles

key west

how many Cubans wanted to leave in April 1980

10,800

describe the people in the 3rd wave

young, single, racially diverse, working-class, limited education

what percent of exiles were common criminals

less than 2%

most Mariel Cubans later moved to

miami

effects of Mariel to Cuban community

diversified it but deepened the riffs between old and new arrivals (indicator of social status)

the US classified the Mariel Cubans as

entrants (status pending)

when did outmigration from Cuba begin to slow down

1980s

when did the Soviet union’s support to Cuba disappear

1991 with its falls

soviet union provided what types of support

financial, military, technical

what happened as a result of the fall of soviet union

cubas economy shrank and there were severe shortages of food, fuel, and supplies

what prompted Cubans to leave after soviet union collapsed

civil unrest, severe economic hardships, social tensions, food shortages

hwo did Cubans flee after the Soviet union

makeshift boats

cubans fled after Soviet union from what time peirod

jan 1990 - July 1994

how many Cubans arrived in the US from 1990-1994

13,600

what did Cuban authorities claim (3)

that rafters stole and hijacked ferry boats in Havana, committed murders before leaving the island, claimed its US fault

cuba complained that the us was not following a (yr) agreement that was negotiated with the (blank) which promised # visas every year for Cubans in exchange for what

1984; reagon administration; 20k; Cuba taking back a number of “undesirables” from the 1980 Mariel exodus

around (date) Castro began escalating the crisis by allowing people intent on leaving the island to do so without hindrance. this was known as

august 12, 1994; balsero (rafters) crisis

another name for balsero crisis

mariel II

in the #-month period, the US coast guard intercepted # Cuban rafters at sea

1; 30,900

the (name) administration did not think the influx of Cuban refugees was unmanageable but the situation quickly changed

clinton

who was the Florida govenor

lawton chiles

what did chile’s decide

a hard position on Cuban rafters could help his re-election bid

what were most Floridians opinions on the influx of refugees

they were opposed to them

on (date) chile’s declared a state of emergency in Florida allowing him to mobilize the (blank) and temporarily detain the Cubans being moved from detention camps in (place) to (place)

august 18, 1994; florida national guard; key west to miami

the (time of day) of August 18, 1994, clinton’s top advisors decided it was time to end the # policy of welcoming all cubans

afternoon; 35

on (date), pres Clinton ordered the US coast guard to send the rafters to the US military bases in (place) and (place)

august 19, 1994; guantanamo bay, cuba; panama

guantanamo bay nickname

gitmo (from the US navy’s call sign for the naval base)

castro reaction to us resitrictions

not pleased and escalated the crisis further

castro opened cuba’s borders to whoever wanted to leave on what day

august 21, 1994

us coast guard and navy intercepted how many rafters on August 22 and how many on August 23

22: 2,333

23: 2,886

what did Castro push for

direct talks with the US to negotiate

bilateral talks occurred between

sept 1 and 10

a new accord was announced on

may 2

secret talks between the US and Cuba occurred when

april 1995

the US and Cuba renewed their (yr) agreement to legally admit # Cubans per year and the US agreed to admit Cubans held at

1984; 20k; gitmo

refelcting the official policy shift in the US, then (position) (name) explicitly referred to the Cubans arriving as “balnk” instead of “blank”

attornery general Janet Reno; illegal immigrants; political refugees

what was a policy created as a resultt of the us-cuban accords of 1995

wet foot, dry foot policy

what did the wet foot dry foot policy state

cubans arriving on boats and rafts would be returned upon interception while those reaching US soil would be immediately admitted

the wet foot dry foot policy was an attempt at what

to introduce greater constituency in the US immigration and refugee policy

cuban rafters treatment was compared to

haitian boat people (usually considered economic migrants and denied entrance even though there was evidence of political persecution)

to avoid being caught or sent back what would Cubans close to the florida keys do (2)

1) jump into the dangerous waters when they had been spotted and swim the final distance

2) refused to be rescued and threw oars