Study Sheet Sections 1.1 & 1.2 answers

Water Molecule

A molecule consisting of two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to one oxygen atom.

Covalent Bonds

Chemical bonds that involve the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

Polar Molecule

A molecule with a distribution of charge leading to partially positive and partially negative ends.

Ion

An atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or more electrons, resulting in an electrical charge.

Freezing Point of Water

The temperature at which water changes from liquid to solid, at 0℃.

Ionic Bond

A type of bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Salinity

The concentration of salts in water, typically measured in parts per thousand (ppt).

Dissolved Oxygen

The amount of oxygen that is present in water, important for aquatic life.

Acidic Solution

A solution with a pH less than 7, indicating higher concentration of hydrogen ions.

Sodium Ion

Na+, the positively charged ion formed when sodium loses an electron.

Chloride Ion

Cl-, the negatively charged ion formed when chlorine gains an electron.

Oxygen Minimum Layer

The region of a water column where dissolved oxygen levels are lowest.

Refractometer

An instrument used to measure the concentration of solutes in a solution, such as salinity in seawater.

Hydroxide Ion

OH-, a negatively charged ion, present in basic solutions.

Hydrogen Ion

H+, a positively charged ion, often associated with acidity.

Evaporation

The process of turning from liquid into vapor, which can increase salinity in water.

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution, for example, sugar in lemonade.

pH

A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, on a scale from 0 to 14.

Ionic vs Covalent Bond

Ionic bonds involve transfer of electrons, while covalent bonds involve sharing of electrons.

Cold Water Gas Solubility

Cold water can dissolve more gases than warm water due to physical and chemical interactions.

Precipitation

Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches the ground, including rain, sleet, snow, or hail.

Florida Bay Salinity

Increased salinity in Florida Bay due to high evaporation and shallow water.

Natural Phases of Water

Water exists in three states: gas, liquid, and solid, on Earth.