iTeach Life Science Review

acclimation

phenotypic changes in individual in response to changes in env

acetyl-CoA

enzyme participates in metabolism glucose, lipids and proteins

action potential

temporary shift of neuronal membrane potential during periods of ionic influx or efflux

adaptive radiation

organisms occupying diff ecological niches in response to rapid diversification

aerobic cellular respiration

breakdown of glucose in presence of O2

allele

alt form of gene w specific location on specific chromosome

alt hypothesis

opposes null hypothesis by inferring sign difference

Apostatic selection

explains how prey cam survive if they differ due to mutations

assorative mating

selecting mate for either same allele or diff allele

ATP

adenosine triphosphate is energy currency of living cell

ATP synthase

enzyme responsible for creating ATP

autonimic nervous system

drives involuntary bodily functions; regulates bodily functions such as digestion/ heart rate

balancing selection

natural selection type w/o any allele becoming favoured

beneficial allele

allele increases biological fitness

biological fitness

survive to reproductive age to produce offspring

bottleneck effect

reduced population due to catastrophic events

carbon fixation

inorganic carbon --\> converted organic compounds

cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer surrounds cytoplasm of cell

cell theory

1) cells r basic unit o fife
2) living things composed of one or more cells
3) cells arise from pre-existing cells

central nervous system

part of nervous sys includes brain and spiral cord

Chlorophyll

molecule gives plants their green color and absorbs light energy to drive photosynthesis

Chloroplast

organelle works convert light energy into sugar via process of photosynthesis

chromosomal mutation

insertion, deletion, inversion DNA

Clathrin

protein plays role in mediating vesicular transport of protein across cell membrane

codon sequence

sequence 3 nucleotides code for amino acid

crossing over

homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic info

Cytoplasm

viscous fluid found w/in cell membrane - houses organelles inside cell

deleterious alleles

allele reduces biological fitness

descent with modification

traits inherited by offspring from parents w heritable genetic differences

directional selection

extreme phenotype favoured over average

disruptive selection

natural selection type favours extreme phenotypes - both extremes are favoured

DNA polymerase

enzymes assembles DNA molecules via process of replication

double helix

molecular shape of DNA as 2 strands of containing are intertwined together

electron transport chain

series of protein complexes that transport electrons via redox reactions

Endocytosis

process of a cell creating an invagination of its membrane in order to internalize material found in the extracellular space

Endoplasmic Reticulum

continuous sys of membrane responsible for processing and transport of proteins and lipds

Entropy

measuring of movement from order to disorder

exons

codons for a specific type of amino acid

fitness

ability to be successful reproductively

fixed

frequency of 1.0

fossil record

all fossils over span of geological time

founder effect

new pop formed from larger pop

free nucleotides

molecules bind w exposed bases to form new strands of DNA

frequency-dependent selection

fitness of phenotype dependent on how many times other phenotypes occur

gamete

haploid cell forms zygote during sexual reproduction

gene flow

movement alleles from 1 pop to other

gene frequencies

ratio allele to all alleles from same gene in pop

gene pool

sum of all alleles/ combination of all genes in a pop

genetic correlation

single allele affects numerous traits

genetic drift

random occurrence causing change in allele frequencies

genetic variation

in a pop; relative frequency of alleles

Genome

complete set of genetic mat available in living organism

Genotyoe

genetic traits of an organism, available w/in genome

gill pouch

anatomical component of resp sys w muscular wall and lamellae on inner side

Golgi body

membrane bound organelle receives proteins and fats from endoplasmic reticulum and packs them into vesicles

G3P

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

3 C sugar occurs as product during Calvin cycle

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

null hypothesis for evolution used to explain genotype frequencies

heterozygote advantage

natural selection type favouring heterozygous traits

Homologous

chromosomes have same pattern of genes

homology

similarity bw species bc inheritance form shared common ancestor

homozygosity

2 alleles r the same

hydrogen bonds

weak bond that forms bw hydrogen atom and a more electronegative atom

inbreeding

related individuals of a population mate

inbreeding depression

biological fitness decreases bc mating w related individuals

influx

simply referred to as massive entry/ large quantity

introns

noncoding regions w/in genome

law of succession

structure of ecological community changes over time

lost

frequency of 0.0

meiosis

cell division producing 4 haploid cells

Haploid cells

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).

membrane potential

refers relative difference of electric charge across neuronal membrane

mitochondria

power house of the cell; store energy via ATP synthesis

mitochondrial matrix

region embedded w.in inner membrane of the mitochondria

mRNA

set of molecules signal/send genetic info from DNA to ribosomes

mutations

altered hereditary material

myelin sheaths

layering of fat acts as protective cover for nerve fibres to dramatically speed up process of neuronal transmission

NADPH

high energy compound stores energy alongside ATP

natural selection

theory explaining mechanism behind evolution; variation in heritable traits results in differential reproduction

Neurotransmission

neurons transfer info from 1 end of body to another via electrical signal

normal distribution

Bell-shaped probability distribution.

nucleus

organelle bounded by membrane carries/stores cell's hereditary material

null hypothesis

no significant difference bw groups or pops

peripheral nervous system

consists of nerves and glia outside of brain and spinal cord

phenotype

external characteristic of a living organism

phospholipid bilayer

layer forms the sealed compartment of the cell membrane; consists of 2 layers of phospholipids stacked on to 1 another forming exterior hydrophobic region of an interior hydrophilic region

Photosynthesis

plants and bacteria use energy obtained from sunlight - produce glucose

Phylogeny

evolutionary history of organism

physiological

function of living organisms

plasma membrane

cell membrane separates interior of cell from extracellular fluid

population thinking

theories developed using variations in populations

postulates

assumptions used to reason out a fact or truth

Principle of Segregation

understanding every characteristic of an organism is controlled by 2 alleles: dominant and a recessive

pseudogenes

faulty replicate of functional gene

purifying selection

alleles not beneficial, are reduced

Recombination

re-arranged gen mat (cross over for example)

resting potential

neuron's membrane potential at rest, where imbalance of charge is -70mV

ribosomes

present in large numbers w/in all living cells - known for ability to synthesize proteins in cytoplam

sampling error

taking from sample instead of population produces error

sensory organs

organs contain receptors convey info via sensory neutrons

sexual selection

natural selection favouring certain phenotypes for mating purposes