Energy systems

Energy =

capacity or ability to perform work

Features of ATP

stored in our cells

Only useable form of energy in the body

2-3 second store must be resynthesised

How is ATP broken down and resynthesised

What are the equations for this

what is mechanical energy

Give an example

The ability to carry out work

A cricket player swings their bat, the bat has mechanical energy through the arms kinetic energy

What is electrical energy

Give an example

Energy that is stored and released by charged particles

The human body used electrical energy to pass impulses through nervous system allowing muscular contraction

What is Potential energy

Give an example

Energy stored within an object

Set position in starting blocks for 100m sprinters

What is chemical energy

Give an example

Energy stored in the bonds from compounds

Eg: an athlete eating food and transferring this into energy

What is kinetic energy

Give an example

Energy stored in a moving object

Eg: running

What are the three energy systems

Phosphocreatine system

Glycolytic system

Aerobic system

Features of phosphocreatine system

Store of phosphocreatine is broken down by creatine kinase (enzyme) and releases energy. This is used to turn ADP to ATP

it takes place in cell

It lasts 10 seconds

System is anaerobic

Used for fast powerful bursts of energy

Features of glycolytic system

Takes place in sarcoplasm

Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid

If no oxygen is present pyruvate is converted into lactic acid

System is anaerobic

Features of the aerobic system

In glycolysis glucose is turned into pyruvate

In link reaction/ Krebs cycle Pyruvate forms acetyl coenzyme A

Has co2 and hydrogen as bi products

In electron transport chain Hydrogen ions are transferred over membrane forming ATP, water is formed as bi product

34 molecules of ATP are made

Takes place in mitochondria

What is the energy continuum

describes type of energy pathway used by the body during exercise

And helps to identify which energy system is predominant

Allows athletes to target training specifically to a given energy pathway

What are thresholds

Transition point between two energy systems

What is aerobic threshold

Where lactate in blood rises and anaerobic pathways have to help with energy production

What is anaerobic threshold

The point of exercise where Lactate builds up in the body faster than the body can remove it

What is fatigue

Reduction of muscular performance and inability to maintain power

Factors affecting fatigue

Dehydration

Reduced levels of calcium

Reduced levels of acetylcholine

Reduced rate of ATP synthesis

Lactic acid build up

Glycogen depletion

Ways to combat fatigue after event

2 Hour window of opportunity for protein and glucose

Hypotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic drinks

What are some ways a coach can maximise recovery opportunities in a match

Substitutions

Sports gels/sports drinks

Time outs

Ensure physio is available at half time

Cooling aids

Gamesmanship to slow play

Effective warm up

Change of tactics

What is EPOC

Aim of EPOC?

Excess post exercise oxygen - The volume of oxygen consumed during recovery above normal resting rate

Restore body to pre exercise state or homeostasis

Also replenish fuels used in exercise and prevent injury in future

What happens to the body during EPOC

Phosphocreatine is replenished and brings level back to normal

Lactic acid id removed to bring body back to correct levels

Removal of hydrogen ions to remove acidity

Rehydration allows body to return to homeostasis

Thermoregulation = cools down body temp

Resaturation of myoglobin allow oxygen to be transported into the muscle

ReSynthesis of protein brings levels back to normal

Glycogen stores are restored for future use

Oxygen delivery remains high for recovery

Ventilation and heart rate increase to increase oxygen delivery

2 stages of EPOC

Fast component (alactacid)

Slow component (lactacid)

Explain What the fast component of recovery is

Called alactacid component

Uses one extra oxygen to help with replenishment

Occurs in first 3 minutes

Resynthesis of ATP AND PC

Restoration of myoglobin

Reduction in cardiac output and ventilation

Conversion of glycogen to glucose

Phosphagen replenishment

Body temperature reduced

Restoration can take as little as 30 seconds

Explain what the slow component of recovery is

Called the lactacid component

Breaks up and removes lactic acid built up in exercise

Occurs after first 3 minutes of peak exercise after (fast component)

Removal of lactate and hydrogen ions

Protein repairs damaged muscle fibres

Replenishment of energy stores

Rehydration

Restoration of glycogen and carbohydrates

Return temperature to resting levels

Restoration of myoglobin

What is priming in priming exercise

The manipulation of the intensity of the exercise of the pulse raiser of the warmup to speed up how quickly the aerobic system starts at onset of exercise

Why do athletes prime

Reduce recovery time

Improve overall performance

Improve efficiency and performance of energy systems

How does priming target each energy system

Phosphocreatine system = do polymeric and 10m sprints

Glycolytic = fast jogging for 100m followed by 50m sprint

Aerobic = long low intensity running

other positives of priming

Increased body temp and increased ROM

Negatives of priming

If too high it can cause onset of fatigue if not managed carefully

How does the body respond to priming

Enzyme activity increases to aid glycolysis

Glycogen breakdown to produce energy faster

Cardiac output increases to provide more oxygen to muscles

Faster sweat production (thermoregulation) to prevent overheating

Capillaries open more for vascular shunt

Body temp increases do more force production

Pyruvate breaks down to aid aerobic system