AP Bio

How does a high specific heat capacity affect body temperature

Maintains high body temperature by allowing rapid temperature fluctuations to only break H-Bonds, not important covalent bonds

How does a high heat of vaporization affect cooling

Allows for body temperature to be maintained by allowing the molecules with high kinetic energy(heat) to be taken away(high heat of vaporization, lots of heat required to evaporate)

What is cohesion

Attraction between water molecules due to H-Bonds

What is adhesion

Attraction between polar molecules due to H-Bonds or dipole-dipole interactions

What is surface tension of water

Water has very high surface tension due to cohesion and H-Bonds

Why is sulfur used in the building of proteins

A disulfide bond can like the folding of a protein in place

What is a protein

A chain of amino acids that are connected through a dehydration-reduction reaction

What is the role of phosphate in nucleic acids

To form into a phosphate group then join with pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base to create a nucleotide

What is a nitrogenous base

Fused 6 member and 5 member rings that can accept protons due to an unshared electron pair on nitrogen

What are purines

Fused rings with 6 carbon and 5 carbon each.

What are pyrimidines

A fused 6 carbon ring

How are nucleic acids created

A polymer of nucleotides; nucleotides + a phosphodiester bond s

What is the effect of the phosphate group in a phospholopid

Creates a hydrophillic region

How is nitrogen used in the building of nucleic acids

Involved in the creation of a nitrogen base

Types of nitrogen base

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytesine, uracil

How does hydrolyosis affect polymers

Uses water to destroy the covalent bond W

What happens to a molecule after hydrolosis

A Hydrogen ion is added to one monomer and a hydroxyl group is added to another

What is the inverse of hydrolosis

A dehydration-synthesis reaction where a hydrogen ion is removed from a monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the other and is replaced by a covalent bond

What is the connection of many water molecules

polymerization

What are monosachrides

SImple sugar

Examples of monosachrides

glucose and fructose

What are polysachrides

repeating units of monsachrides

What is the role of polysachrides

To store energy and to act as structural molecules

How do polysachrides store energy

By acting as starch in plants and glycogen in animals

How do polysachrides act as structural molecules

Cellulose in cell walls and chitlin in animal exoskeletons

What is the formal term for a polysachride

A complex carbohydrate

A linear polysachride

Continous chain of monsachrides that is joined with gylcosidic bonds

Branched polysachride

A non-continous chain of monosachrides that has side-chains

Carbohydrate chemical composition

Same amount of C and O

What are lipids

A type of molecule whose structure are derived from the way the molecules are assembled

Saturated Fatty Acids

Contain only one single bond between carbon atoms

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Contain at least one double bond between carbon atoms that causes the carbon chain to kink

What makes a lipid more unsaturated

Multiple double bonds

What does it mean to be more unsatured

The more liquid it is at room temp

What is the function of fats

Energy storage and support cell function

What is the function of steroids

Support growth and development, energy metabolism, and homeostasis

What is the function of cholestrol

To provide stability to cell membranes

What is the function of phospholipids

Group together to form the lipid bilayers found in plasma and cell membranes

What is a primary structure

The linear sequence of amino acids that creates a polypeptide chain

What is the secondary structure

The folding of a polypetptide chain that is caused by the local backbone

What is an alpha helix

When the polypeptide chain folds into a helix because of hydrogen bonds between amino acids

What is a beta-pleated sheet

When polypeptide chains lie parallel to each other and connect through hydrogen bonds

What is the purpose of disulfide bridges

lock the protein shape

What is the tertiary structure

The folding caused by the interaction between R groups

Quarternary structure

The interaction between multiple polypeptides