GCH MODULE 2

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Also called socioeconomic position (SEP), describes an individuals standing in a society based on individual and household income, education, gender, occupation, ethnicity and race, and other characteristics that exist within broader cultural, social, political, and policy environments

social determinants of health

personal factors and community conditions that enable or hinder access to health

PROGRESS

P- place of residence R- race and ethnicity O-occupation and employment status G-gender and sex R-religion E-education S-social capital S- other socioeconomic indicators

social justice

the principle that moving toward greater equality in the distribution of income and wealth, opportunities for education and employment, access to health and security, and involvement in civic and political activities is valuable for human flourishing

inequality (health disparity)

a remediable difference in health status or access to health services between population groups

inequity

when an inequality is considered to be unfair and unjust

income

the amount of take-home pay earned by household members in a week, year or other time period

wealth

the accumulated worth of a household’s resources

extreme poverty

defined as surviving on less income than an international poverty line, typically set at an income of less than $1 or $2 per person per day

relative poverty

occurs when people are living on less than the nationally defined poverty line in their own countries

literacy

the ability to read and write and apply those communication skills

functional literacy

the ability to understand written words well enough to complete routine daily tasks

health literacy

the ability to access, understand, and apply health information

sex

refers to the biological classification of people as male or female

gender

refers to the social, cultural, and psychological aspects of expressing maleness or femaleness

gender roles

describe how a cultural group expects men and women to behave based on their genders

unemployment

the inability of a person who is not working for pay to secure a paid position despite actively seeking a paid job

underemployment

typically describes a situation in which a person is involuntarily working part-time rather than full-time, or is a low-wage worker whose earnings are below the local poverty level even after working hours

culture

is a way of living, believing, behaving, communicating, and understanding the world that is shared by members of a social unit

illness

describes a person’s perception of his or her own experience of having an adverse health condition

sickness

describes the ways in which a person with a physical or mental health condition relates to and is regarded by his or her community

prejudice

is a perception about an individual based solely on preconceived notions about sociocultural group to which that person belongs. A set of beliefs and attitudes

discrimination

encompasses the actions taken against an individual because of that person’s membership in a sociocultural group. A set of practices and behaviors

Ethnicity

a social group based on many dimensions of cultural heritage, nationality, language, religion, tribal affiliation, and other factors

Race

refers to superficial categories that group individuals based primarily on physical attributes like skin color

indigenous population

a group that has maintained unique cultural traditions for many generations after the colonization or domination of their traditional homeland by another group

migrant

a person who has moved across an international border and is residing in a new country

immigrant

a person who has settled in a new country and intends to stay there permanently

expatriate

a person who is temporarily living in another country and intends to return to his or her home country

trafficking

the crime of arranging for a person to relocate with the intention of forcing that migrant into sex work, debt bondage, slavery, or other types of forced labor

Acculturation

is the complex process of adopting the practices, traditions, values, and identity of a new community after migrating

refugee

a person who has been forced to move across an international border because of security concerns like war, civil conflict, political strife, or persecution based on race, tribe, religion, political affiliation, or membership in some other group

asylum seeker

an involuntary migrant who asks for protection from a host country after arriving in that country rather than waiting for a refugee application to be processed prior to traveling

internally displaced person (IDP)

a person who fled his or her home community because of civil war, famine, natural disaster, or another crisis but did not cross into another country

The office of the united nations high commissioner for refugees (UNHCR)

help meet the need of basic needs of refugees by providing water, food, sanitation, shelter, fuel, and health care for sick, pregnant, and vulnerable individuals

power

the authority to control or influence the actions of others

governance

consists of the processes and structures that enable governments to set policies, provide services, and protect human rights

corruption

occurs when politically powerful people abuse their positions for personal gain