1.4 physiological adaptations in response to training

what are the physiological adaptations in response to training

HOMERS

H: Haemoglobin level

O: Oxygen uptake and lung capacity

M: Muscle hypertrophy

E: Effects on fast/slow twitch muscle fibres

R: Resting heart rate

S: Stroke volume and Cardiac output

Description of haemoglobin

• the protein of blood carrying the oxygen in RBC

• main function to absorb oxygen into blood stream

• plays a role in removing Co2

• Levels can be increased with altitude raining

Does haemoglobin levels increase or decrease? provide reasoning

Increase

• when training occurs, body becomes short on oxygen

• body adapts to this by producing more cells

Description of Oxygen uptake and lung capacity

• The amount of oxygen absorbed into the bloodstream during exercise

• Measured in litres per minute

• If more oxygen reaches the working muscles, the muscles can work harder or longer

• Lung capacity is the amount of air that can move in and out of the lungs during a single breath

Does Oxygen uptake and lung capacity increase or decrease? provide reasoning

Increases

• Number of breaths can be increased

• Max breathing rates increase from 40-50 minutes

• Size of lungs significantly increase, allowing for more oxygen

Description of muscle hypertrophy

• Refers to increase of diameter of muscle. Muscle length stays the same, but muscle enlarges

• Muscle atrophy is opposite to hypertrophy (gets smaller)

Does muscle hypertrophy increase or decrease? provide reasoning

Increases

• After training muscles are able to contract with a greater force. This improves strength and power related sports

description of effects on fast/slow twitch muscle fibres

• Slow twitch are red - they contain large numbers of capillaries and produce large amounts of ATP slowly. Good for sports such as marathons

• Fast twitch are white - contain few capillaries and rapidly generate ATP anaerobically. Good for sports such as weight lifting and sprinting

Does muscle hypertrophy increase or decrease? provide reasoning

Depends on training

Endurance training encourages slow twitch fibres to develop because it allows body to make more capillaries, allowing for more oxygen to be transported around the body

Description of resting heart rate

• Measured in Beats per min

• At rest, delivers blood to body

• Amount of oxygen needed is determined by BMR

• Resting heart rate will fall as body adapts to training program

• Heart rate will be lower during sub max work

• Main reason for the fall is due to higher stroke volume

• This allows more blood to be pumped every beat.. Therefore, more oxygen is delivered with fewer beats

• Athletes often have lower max HR

Does resting heart rate increase or decrease? provide reasoning

Decreases

• Trained athlete has more efficient cardiovascular systems

• Some pro athletes have a resting HR as low as 35 per min

Description of stroke volume and cardiac output

• Amount of blood that leaves the left ventricle in 1 beat

• Body needs oxygen rich blood to muscles during exercise

• The more blood that a person pushes out, the more work they can do because of more oxygen

• Person could exercise faster and longer

• Untrained person- 15-20L per min, trained- 22-30 L per min

• Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped in 1 min

Does Stroke volume and Cardiac output increase or decrease? provide reasoning

Increase

• Trained person physically has more blood in body

• Ventricles are more powerful and elastic to pump more/faster