RAD. PROCEDURES- CHAPTER 1- GENERAL ANATOMY

Define Anatomy

the term applied to the science of the structure of the body

Define Physiology

the study of the function of the body organs

Define Pathology

the study of disease

Define Osteology

the study of bones

Define Arthrology

the study of joints

define Isotropic

the fanned out radiation during an x-ray

what is the Central Ray (CR)

the center-most portion of a x-ray beam

Describe Anatomical Position

standing upright, limbs extended, facing front, palms facing front, and feet together

Supine Position

lying on back, palms up

Prone Position

lying face down, palms down

What is an IR?

Image Receptor

Sagittal Plane

divides body into left and right regions

Coronal Plane

divides body into anterior and posterior regions

Midsagittal Plane

divides the body into EQUAL left and right regions

Horizontal Plane

divides the body into superior and inferior regions

Midcoronal Plane

divides the body into EQUAL anterior and posterior regions

Other names for the Horizontal Plane

transverse, axial, or cross-sectional plane

Oblique Plane

passes through the body at an angle

4 divisions of the body

the head, the neck, the trunk, and the limbs

Two Major Body Cavities. (What cavities make up the torso?)

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

What does viscera mean?

organ

The double-layer around the lungs is called?

Pleura

The double-layer around the abdomen is called?

Peritoneum

What is found in the Thoracic Cavity?

pleural membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart, and great vessels

What is found in the Abdominal Cavity?

peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines, kidneys, ureters

What is found in the Pelvic Cavity?

rectum, urinary bladder, and part of reproductive system

The abdomen is bordered superiorly and inferiorly by what?

superiorly by the diaphragm and inferiorly by the superior pelvic aperture

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), left lower quadrant (LLQ)

What is found in the RUQ?

gallbladder, liver

What is found in the RLQ?

appendix, cecum

What is found in the LUQ?

stomach, spleen

What is found in the LLQ?

sigmoid of large bowel

What are the 9 abdominal regions?

right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lateral/lumbar region, umbilical region, left lateral/lumbar region, right inguinal region, hypogastric region, left inguinal region

What is the periotoneal cavity?

the cavity between the visceral peritoneum and the parietal peritoneum

What is the axilla?

armpit

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

7

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

Where is the transpyloric plane?

L1-L2

Cervical Surface Landmarks

C1- Mastoid Tip

C2, C3- Gonion

C3, C4- Hyoid Bone

C5- Thyroid Cartilage

C7, T1- Vertebra Prominens

Thoracic Surface Landmarks

T1- about 2 inches above level of the jugular notch

T2, T3- level of jugular notch

T4, T5- level of sternal angle

T7- lower scapula

T9- xiphloid body

T10- xiphloid tip

Lumbar Surface Landmarks

L2, L3- inferior costal margin

L4, L5- iliac crest

What level is the ASIS at?

S1, S2

What are the 4 major body habitus?

sthenic, hyposthenic, asethenic, hypersthenic

The organs in an asethenic patient are going to be?

low and close to midline

The organs in a hypersthenic patient are going to be?

high and close to the periphery of the abdomen

Which two body habitus are considered extremes?

asthenic and hypersthenic

What is appendicitis?

inflammation of the appendix

How can you x-ray a possible appendix leakage?

have the patient stand upright and have the central ray come in horizontal to the floor

Purpose of diaphragm

the diaphragm is a muscle that aids in respiration and it separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

How would you x-ray a hypersthenic patient?

take a cross-wise image

What can you palpate instead of palpating the pubic symphysis?

the greater trochanter of the femur

What is the loin?

the lateral side of the abdomen. between the lowest rib and the upper portion of the ileum

What exam checks for the openness of the fallopian tubes?

HSG: hystero-salpingo

When do you need to do a x-ray comparison

minors- those under 18 years of age

The characteristics and organs of this body habitus is intermediate between sthenic and asthenic

hyposthenic

Name the 10 body systems

Muscular, Urinary, Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Reproductive, Skeletal, Integumentary, Nervous, Circulatory

What is the skeletal system?

bones and adjacent joints

What is the integumentary system?

skin, hair, nails

What is the muscular system?

made up of the muscles that allow you to move

What is the circulatory system?

consists of the heart, the blood vessels and the lymphatics

What is the respiratory system?

the lungs, airways, diaphragm, windpipe, throat, mouth, and nasal passages

What is the digestive system?

system of organs that takes in food, digests it to extract energy and nutrients and expels the remaining waste

What is the urinary system?

produces, stores, and eliminates urine

What is the reproductive system?

interactions of organs within an organism that pertain to reproduction

What is the endocrine system?

organs involved in secreting hormones

What is the nervous system?

tissue network whose principal components are neurons

What are the functions of bones?

Attachment for muscles

Mechanical basis for movement

Protection of internal organs

Support frame for body

Storage for calcium, phosphorus, and other salts

Production of red and white blood cells

What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

What makes up the axial skeleton?

skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum

What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs

What is the periosteum?

the tough membrane that covers the outside of the bone

What is cortical/compact bone?

dense, outer layer of bone

What is cancellous/spongy bone?

porous, inner layer of bone

Where is trabeculae found?

inside cancellous/spongy bone

Trabeculae is filled with

red and yellow bone marrow

Red marrow produces what?

red and white blood cells

Yellow marrow stores what?

adipose (fat)

What is the endosteum?

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity (inner lining of a bone)

What is the medullary cavity?

it is the central cavity of long bones

Where is trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow found?

in the medullary cavity

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

at the articulating surface at the end of long bones, the epiphyseal plate

Where do white and red blood cells form?

in the medullary cavity

What is the Nutrient Foramen?

it passes into the medullary cavity and it carries a nutrient artery to the cancellous (spongy)bone and marrow

Are bones vascular or avascular?

highly vascular

Define ossification. When does it occur?

development and formation of bones, occurs in the second month of embryonic life

The two types of bone ossification

intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification

What does intramembranous ossification form?

flat bones

What does endochondral ossification form?

long bones

Intramembranous ossification develops from

fibrous membrane in the embryo

Endochondral ossification develops from

hyaline cartilage in the embryo

The two types of endochondral ossification

Primary ossification and Secondary ossification

When does primary ossification occur? What does it affect?

before birth and it forms the diaphysis (central shaft) of long bones

When does secondary ossification occur? What does it affect?

after birth and it is when bones begin to develop at the epiphysis (ends of long bones)

Intramembranous ossification affects which bones?

flat bones

Endochondral ossification affects which bones?

long bones

Define metaphysis

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

5 types of bones

"FLISS"

F-flat

L-long

I-irregular

S-short

S-sesamoid

Examples of long bones

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula

Examples of flat bones

cranial bones, sternum, ribs, scapula