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Peace Conference 1919
-Established the terms of the peace after WW1
-18th June 1919- 21 January 1920
-Involved→ victorious Allied Powers and defeated Central Powers
-Paris, Palace of Versailles
-Belligerent governments were preoccupied with their own geopolitical interests and were intent on using the war to further these interests
-Shopping lists of what each government wanted to gain from the wat
-Perceived winners and losers
-Some left with nothing but bitter, others had their dreams fulfilled, eg Poland gained independence
Big Four
-Georges Clemenceau, French Prime Minister→ wanted revenge, punish Germans, make Germany pay and weaken Germany
-Woodrow Wilson, US Prime Minister→ peace, league of nations, self-determination for the people of Eastern Europe
-David Lloyd George, Britain Prime Minister→ justice, not revenge
-Vittorio Orlando, Italy Prime Minister→ wanted the promise of territorial rewards detailed in the Secret Treaty of London of the Adriatic Coast. He left suddenly on 20th April 1919, and Italy's fail to secure many of its demand for territory led to political instability for years.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
-Russia and Germany
-March 3rd 1918
-Terms were harsh
-Russia lost to Germany large parts of its western territory in the Baltic State, Finland and Poland, more than 30% of its population
Treaty of Versailles
-Germany and Allies
-28th June 1919
-Germany was ordered to pay crippling war damages→ 6.6 billion
-Germany divided by the Danzig corridor which isolated Eastern Prussia from the rest of the country
-Berlin lost 15% of its territory and 10% of its population
-Regions of Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France
-Saarland region in Germany was placed under international mandate for 15 years
-Germany was blamed for WW1
-Germany was not allowed to have submarines or an air force
- Germany could have an army of only 100,000 men and a navy of only 6 ships
-Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland.
-The blockade of Germany by the British and Us navies continued, preventing the importation of vital materials and food
-Germany had no say in these decisions
-War Guilt Clause Article 231→ a list of Germans responsible for the war was made, to be arrested and tried, including Kaiser Wilhelm II and his chief generals. This never eventuated.
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
-Austria and Allies
-September 10th 1919
-Dismantled the Austria-Hungary Empire in several smaller states
-Created Czechoslovakia and the merger of southern Slav States to become Yugoslava
-Romania expanded to include Transylvania and Beershabia
-Poland was granted land occupied by Austria and Germany
-Austra → 6.5 million
-Hungary → 8 million
Treaty of Neuilly
-Bulgaria and Allies
-November 27th 1919
-Bulgaria capital, Sofia, lose land to the newly formed Yugslovia to Romania and to Greece, leaving Bulgaria without direct access to the Aegean Sea
Treaty of Trianon
-Hungary and Allies
-June 4 1920
-Lost ⅔ of Austria-Hungary
-3 million ethics Hungarians found themselves living outside their country, mostly in Romania
Treaty of Sevres
-Turkey and Allies → 1
-August 10 1920
-Led to the dissolution of once might Ottoman Empire
Treaty of Lausanne
-Turkey and Allies → 2
-July 24th 1923
-Lost Arab possessions
-Received a mandate for Palestine and Mesopotamia
-France awarded one for Lebanon and Syria
-1.3 million ethic Greeks were forced to leave Asia Minor and about 500, 000 Turks left Greece
League of Nations
-10th of January 1920
-A 'general association of nations promoted by progressive groups in Europe and America as a way of preventing further wars'
-Aimed to settle disputes between countries and prevent war through collective security
-Collective security→ the cooperation of several countries in an alliance to strengthen the security of each
-It encouraged states to not resort to war, to follow international law, and be open, just and transparent between nations
-Created an assembly where member states could discuss issues with each other, a council to quickly respond to crisis and an international court to resolve issues
How the League of Nations was formed
-From start of WWl, a new urgency to create international mechanisms to prevent another catastrophe
-May 1916, Wilson→ 'The Leagues to Enforce Peace' speech
-January 22 1917, Wilson→ 'Peace Without Victory' speech, condemning both sides for war and laying blame on imperialism, militarism and the arms race
-January 1918, Wilson→ 'Fourteen Points' speech, last points were the creation of the League of Nations
"A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike."
-British, France and Italy not interested until Germany asked for an armistice based on the Fourteen Points speech, in October 1918
-A committee to create the 'league' was set up on 25 January 1919
-They first met on 3 February 1919 and produced a draft covenant 11 days later
-President Wilson also insisted that the covenant of the League of Nations be written into the Treaty of Versailles, article 26 part 1
-US never joined→ senate refused
-Only in 1926 was Germany accepted into the League of Nations
-Ordinary 42 members
-At its height in 1934, only 58 nations
Failure of the League of Nations
-Built on the harsh pieces of the Treaty of Versailles
-US refused to join
-Soviet Union were not invited due to the fear of a communist revolution
-Responsible for successful settlements of a number of disputes in the 1920s
-Only British and France were powerful enough to play a significant role in security, but didn't supply effective leadership and direction
-Britain tended to see the League as a place where grievances could be aired
-France expected the league to enforce the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
-Flaws in its structure (eg. all member states, regardless of size, were given the same voting rights) membership and lack of political will of the leaders of democracies
-Great Depression
-Japan and Germany left in 1933
-Italy left in 1937
-USSR joined 1934 and left 1939
-France left in 1940
What were the conditions that enabled dictators to rise to power in the interwar period?
-Treaties→ betrayed
-Great Depression
-Specific local, national, social, economic and cultural factors at work in each of these countries
-Combination of fear and reward
-Economic instability
-Unemployment
-League of Nations failure
-Rejected democratic values
-Brutalisation of war
-Government propaganda/controls
-Growth of national resentment against minorities
-Growth of racism
-Flawed democratic systems
Stalin: Dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from
1929 to 1953
Stalin Summary
-He claimed to be Lenin's chosen successor and a loyal servant of communist party
-He claimed to be the new prophet of Marxit (communist) ideology
-Fear and reward
-It was easier for Stalin to exert power and control over the people living in cities because of fear and reward
-Stalin's 'purge' the older members of his party to get rid of anyone linked to Trotsky
-Under Stalin, the Soviet Union was transformed from a peasant society into an industrial and military superpower. However, he ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign.
-Stalinism→ the ideology and policies adopted by Stalin, based on centralization, totalitarianism, and the pursuit of communism.
Totalitarian
government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.
Cult of Personality
an individual using the techniques of mass media, propaganda, the big lie, spectacle, the arts, patriotism, and government-organized demonstrations and rallies to create an idealized, heroic, and worshipful image.
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
The two countries agreed to take no military action against each other for the next 10 years.
Rewards
→ better jobs
→ better houses
→ improve their quality of life
→ patronage
→ favours
→ benefits
Fear
→ terrorize the entire country with widespread arrests and executions
→ the notorious show trials of Stalin's former Bolshevik opponents
→ millions of innocent Soviet citizens were sent off to labor camps or killed in prison
Peasants
→ peasant land was increasingly bought under direct government control - collective 'landholdings'
→ aim - to solve the crisis in the agricultural industry
→ increase food supply to urban areas
Mussolini Prime Minister of Italy
1922-1943
Mussolini Duce
1925-1943
Italy allied with
Germany and Japan in WW2
March 1919
Mussolini formed the Fascist Party, galvanising the support of many unemployed war veterans.
Why did Italy support dictatorship
-They were tired of strikes and riots, responsive to the flamboyant techniques and medieval trappings of fascism, and ready to submit to dictatorship, provided the national economy was stabilized and their country restored to its dignity.
1935
Mussolini invaded Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) and incorporated it into his new Italian Empire
What did Mussolini do to Italy
He had transformed and reinvigorated his divided and demoralized country; he had carried out his social reforms and public works without losing the support of the industrialists and landowners; he had even succeeded in coming to terms with the papacy.
Facism
Fascism is a form of government that is a type of one-party dictatorship. Fascists are against democracy. They work for a totalitarian one-party state. This aim is to prepare the nation for armed conflict, and to respond to economic difficulties.
Italy's economy 1920s
→ mass unemployment
→ food shortages
→ strikes
Mussolini's rise to power
→ Italy slipped into political chaos
→ Mussolini declared that only he could restore order and was given the authority in 1922 as prime minister
→ He gradually dismantled all democratic institutions
→ By 1925, he had made himself dictator taking the title 'II Duve' ("the leader")
Tojo Prime Minister
October 17, 1941, to July 22, 1944
Ultra-nationalist
Nationalism is an ideology and movement that promotes the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
Tojo believed
Japan must rely on its own power to establish itself as the dominant force in Asia
Tojo owned the offices
→ Prime Minister
→ Minister for War
→ Minister for Armaments
→ Minister for Education
→ Imperial Army General Staff
→ Minister of Commerce
→ Minister of Industry
Differences between Tojo's dictatorship and others → more limits on his personal power
→ more limits on his personal power
→ power was always subject to the authority of the army and the emperor
→ not an autocrat
→ owed his power to his loyalty and willingness to serve both army and emperor
Lenin
Head of Government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924
Militarism
Belief of a government to maintain a strong military capability.
Communism
Property is owned by the community and each person.
Socialism
A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Demagogues
A political leader who seeks support by appealing to the desires and prejudices of ordinary people rather than by using rational argument.
Collectivisation
The process by which in the period 1929-37, the Russian peasants were organised into collective farms under state supervision.
Industrialisation
A massive program undertaken by Stalin to develop industries within the country under a series of five-year plans; the first five-year plan was introduced in 1928.
Blackshirts
Paramilitary squads of organised thugs that suppress political opposition in the streets, declaring their aspirations of a rejuvenated national community
Facist came to power
1922, through the March of Rome
March of Rome 1922
Facists violently attacked and brutalised their political opposition, changing slogans of 'Believe, Obey and Fight!) in order to mobilise society to form a 'total state'
Hirohito
Emperor of the Empire of Japan from 25 December 1926 until 2 May 1944
Japanese imperial mission
-The nation was urged to put aside its grievances, unite in loyalty to the emperor and contribute to Japan's imperial mission.
-Education and other media was used to impress of Japan their duty to rid of East Asia of European and America influences
9th November 1918 Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated. Weimar Republic declared.
11th November 1918 Germany
Armistice signed. End of WW1.
5th January 1919 Germany
German Worker's Party (DAP) formed by Anton Drexler, Gottifried Feder, Dietrich Eckart and Karl Harrer.
January 1919 Germany
A group of communists attempted to seize power in Berlin. The Spartacist Uprising'.
11th February 1919 Germany
Ebert was elected as the first president of the new German Republic.
28th June 1919 Germany
Treaty of Versailles signed.
12th September 1919 Germany
Hitler joined DAP.
24th February 1920 Germany
DAP changed to National Socialist German Workers Party, Nazis for short.
29th July 1921 Germany
Hitler became leader of the Nazis, taking the title 'der Fuhrer'.
8th November 1923-26th February 1924 Germany
The Nazis tried to overthrow the Bavarian government, and Hitler was imprisoned for 10 months.
4th July 1926 Germany
Hitler Youth, League of German Worker Youth was formed.
20th August 1927 Germany
The first annual party conference to be held at Nuremberg.
1929-30 Germany
Great Depression→ Support for Nazis increased.
September 1930
Nazis gained 18.3%, 2nd largest party.
July 1932 Germany
Nazis gained 37.4%, largest party.
30th January 1933 Germany
Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany.
5th March 1933 Germany
Communist party banned.
26th April 1933 Germany
Nazis took over local government.
14th July 1933 Germany
All political parties but Nazis were banned.
October 1933 Germany
Germany withdrew from the League of Nations.
2nd August 1934 Germany
President Hindenburg died. Hitler combined the post of President and Chancellor and called himself Fuhrer.
-919 - 1933
Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
-The Weimar Republic was established as a representative democracy which aimed to give genuine power to all German adults.
-1919 - 1933
-In December 1918, elections were held for a National Assembly tasked with creating a new parliamentary constitution
-On February 6, 1919, the National Assembly met in the town of Weimar and formed the Weimar Coalition
-They also elected SDP leader Friedrich Ebert as President of the Weimar Republic.
-Fritz Lang, Friedrich Ebert, Bertha Pappenheim, Bernard Lichtenberg, Adolf Hitler
-Democracy
Weimar Constitution
Provided for a popularly elected president who was given considerable power over foreign policy and the armed forces.
Republic
A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
30 June - 2 July 1934
Night of the Long Knives
Adolf Hitler
20th April 1889 (Austria) - 30th April 1945
Hitler's family
-Parents: Alois Hitler and Klara Hitler
-6 siblings
-Spouse: Eva Braun
Hitler's education
Volksschule Lambach (1897-1898), Bundesrealgymnasium Linz (1900-1904), BRG Steyr (1904-05)
Hitler's Childhood
Not wanting to follow in his father's footsteps as a civil servant, he began struggling in secondary school and eventually dropped out. Alois died in 1903, and Adolf pursued his dream of being an artist, though he was rejected from Vienna's Academy of Fine Arts. His dad abused him.
NSPAD
National Socialist German Workers' Party
Nazi's rise to power
-Propaganda
-Rallies
-Hitler's speeches
Eg. Finding out what teachers/farmers wanted, and propaganda message to the group
Nazis beliefs
-Extremely nationalist
-Racist
-Anti-semitic views
-Jews were the inferior race
-Jews set out to weaken other races and take over the world
-Jews were destructive to the German 'Aryan' race, and did not have any place in Nazi Germany.
-Judeo-Bolshevism= anti communism
-Anti Weimar Republic
-Anti-semitism
Beer Hall Putsch (Munich Putsch)
Hitler was inspired by Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922. From November 8 to November 9, 1923, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and his followers staged the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich, a failed takeover of the government in Bavaria, a state in southern Germany.The march turned out to be a failure, with armed police opposing it and opening fire on the crowd, killing 14 Nazis. The putsch and Hitler's subsequent trial turned him into a national figure. He was imprisoned for 10 months.
-Merged with other political parties
-Hitler gained a national and international image to talk freely about the Treaty of Versailles, antisemitism, etc
-Uses legal trial to voice his opinion
-Realises to attain power he can't try revolution, must legally get in
Great Depression in Germany
Contributing factor to dire economic conditions in Weimar Germany which led in part to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Nazi Party support increased, due to Hitler's speeches, blaming the Jews for everything.
1932 Election
Nazis gained 37.4%, largest party
Night of the Long Knives
Night of the Long Knives, in German history, purge of Nazi leaders by Adolf Hitler on June 30, 1934. Fearing that the paramilitary SA had become too powerful, Hitler ordered his elite SS guards to murder the organization's leaders, including Ernst Röhm. The violence extended to other 'enemies' of the Nazi Party: communists, Jews, outspoken politics and trade unionists. He executes members of Secret Police members (SA) as his army states they will not completely back up Hitler, unless he did something.
'Stab-in-the back' Theory
That the war was lost with the civilians at home, not at the war front. Blamed the Bolsheviks, Weimar politicians, and Jews for the loss of the war.
Why did the Weimar Republic fail?
-Hyperinflation
-Printing more money
-Germany became a nation in 1871 under the strong antio-democratic leadership of Otto Von Bismarck →historical distrust of democracy, faith in nationalism and an authoritarian style of government
-Economic circumstances facing Germany in the 1920s and 30s →Treaty of Versailles, Great Depression
-Article 48
-Lack of democracy tradition
-The appeal of Hitler and the Nazis Party
-Physiological and economic disasters= WWl, Great Depression, Treaty of Versailles, revolution in street, Spartacist Uprising
Article 48
It also allowed the President to suspend civil liberties guaranteed in the Weimar Constitution. It allowed the President to declare a state of emergency in Germany in times of national danger and to rule as a dictator for short periods of time, which undermined democracy.
Nazi Program
-Strong leadership from a central government
-The 'abolition' of the Treaty of Versailles
-The unification of all Germans in a greater Germany
-Anti-capitalist measures, such as land reform and profit-sharing
-The abolition of unearned income, for example, inheritance
-The introduction of welfare provisions, such as pensions for the aged
-The creation of a healthy middle class
-A ban on Jews from being members of the German racial community
SA
Secret Police, Brownshirts
SS
The Schutzstaffel was a major paramilitary organization under Adolf Hitler
How did Hitler become Chancellor?
-Offered himself to Germany as a strong authoritarian leader who would not be inhibited by the democratic process
-President, Paul Von Hindenburg, dramatically invoked article 48 of the Weimar constitution on a regular basis, 60 times in 1932
-This dramatically weakened a democratic system that never really started
-December 1932→ Von Papen is Chancellor, Schleicher (Nazi) bribed Hindenburg (president) to take Chancellor positon. Von Papen and Hitler form alliance, and Von Papen convinced Hindenburg to allow Hitler to be Chancellor, believing Hitler could be easily controlled.
-Hitler was invited to become Chancellor of Germany in 1933
December 1932
Von Papen is Chancellor, Schleicher (Nazi) bribed Hindenburg (president) to take Chancellor positon. Von Papen and Hitler form alliance, and Von Papen convinced Hindenburg to allow Hitler to be Chancellor, believing Hitler could be easily controlled.
Rudolf Hess
Close confidant of Hitler, wrote Mein Kampf (Hitler dictated however Hitler was an orator, not a writer so much of the work was Hess)
Joseph Goebels
Minister for Propaganda and Enlightenment. From this position, he managed information and public opinion.
Hermann Goering
The Commander of the German Air Force and the President of the Reichstag. Joined the Nazi Party in 1922 and was part of the failed Munich 1923. Was in charge of the mobilisation of the German economy.
Henrich Himmler
The commander of the SS and responsible for implementing the 'Final Solution'. He was also responsible for state security and controlled the secret police.
Martin Bormann
Head of the Nazi Party Chancellery (head office) and Hitler's private secretary. Gained immense power by using his position as Adolf Hitler's private secretary to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. After Hitler committed suicide, Bormann tried to escape, but he was conerned and also killed himself.
Adolf Eickman
SS, major organizers of the Holocaust
Theodor Eicke
SS, development of the Nazi concentration camp system in Germany used to suppress dissent during the Holocaust
