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OCEANOGRAPHY/MARINE BIOLOGY FALL SEMESTER EXAM
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Biology
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168 Terms
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oceanography
the study of the physical, chemical and biological aspects of the ocean
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Marine biology
the study of organisms that live in the sea
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Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory
was established in Massachusetts in 1888, and was founded in 1930
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remote sensing
satellites are used to view large expanses of ocean at the surface
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Sound navigation and ranging
what does SONAR stand for
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SONAR
maps seafloor depths and formations, used to track animals
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self contained underwater breathing apparatus
what does SCUBA stand for
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SCUBA
used for direct exploration of oceanic environments for long periods of time and deeper depths
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crittercams
cameras attached to marine animals that allow researchers to see animal behaviors
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remotely operated vehicle
what does ROV stand for
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ROV
allows direct exploration of marine environment controlled from a vessel
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AUV
operated independently
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autonomous underwater vehicles
what does AUV stand for
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research vessels
floating laboratories that allow marine biologists to explore environments
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atlantic pacific indian arctic
4 ocean basins
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heavier, lighter
\_______ materials settled deep in the earth, \_______ components formed a crust
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core
innermost layer of the earth
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mantle
middle layer of the earth
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crust
outermost layer of the earth
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Alfred wegener
who proposed the theory of continental drift
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Theory of Continental Drift
all continents were once one big "supercontinent"
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Pangaea
what is the name of the supercontinent from the theory of continental drift
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plate tectonics
mid oceanic ridges
geomagnetic anomalies
island arcs and trenches
jigsaw puzzle
fossils
rock and sediment formations
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sea floor spreading
plates pull apart
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convergence
plated collide and one plate forces under the other, creating trenches
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shear
plates slide past each other ; the friction causes earthquakes
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oceanic
the type of crust that is dark colored, mineral composed, extremely dense
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continental
the type of crust that is light colored, granite composed, less dense
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lithogenous
derived from breakdowns of rocks - inorganic particles
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biogenous
derived from skeletons and shells of marine organisms - organic particles
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continental margins
boundaries between the continental and oceanic crust
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continental shelf
A gently sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of a continent
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continental slope
a steep incline of the ocean floor leading down from the edge of the continental shelf
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continental rise
the gently sloping area at the base of the continental slope
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active margin
exhibit intense geological activity ; occur in north america's west coast
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passsive margin
no geological activity ; occur at the base of continental slopes
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hydrothermal vents
A deep-sea hot spring where heated seawater forces its way up through the crust
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Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
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hydrogen bonding
attraction of molecules to each other
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solid, liquid, gas
list the 3 states of water
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properties of water
polarity
cohesion
occurs in 3 states
universal solvent
adhesion
high heat capacity
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4, 0
water freezes from _ to _ degrees celsius
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33, 1
every __ ft, pressure increases by _ atm
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deep sound channel
the depth at which sound waves travel slowest, allowing low frequency waves to travel vast distances
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generating force
a force that disturbs the surface of water, producing a wave
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crest
highest point of the wave
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trough
lowest point of the wave
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wavelength
distance between two crests/two troughs
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wave period
the time it takes for a wave to pass by a certain point
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Coriolis effect
because the earth spins continuously anything that passes over the earth is deflected
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wave cancellation
the crest of one wave meets the trough of another
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wave reinforcement
the crests of two waves collide, they add together to produce a higher wave
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stability
a water column where warmer, less dense surfave water floats on top of denser water below
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overturn
The sinking of surface water that has become more dense than the water below.
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deep water waves
waves that move in water deeper than one-half their wavelength
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shallow water waves
waves that reach water shallower than one-half their wavelength
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thermohaline circulation
an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water
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great ocean conveyor
A global circulation pattern in which water cycles throughout the ocean basins.
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semidirunal
two equal high and low tides
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mixed semidiurnal
unequal high and low tides
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diurnal
one high and low tide
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spring tides
tidal range increases because of the sun and moon alignment (180°)
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neap tides
occur between spring tides whne sun and moon ar enot in alignment (90°)
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tidal bores
waves created by tides, usually in shallow water, that can be very dangerous
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longshore transport
as a wave nears the shore, the particles of water are transported toward the shore and down the beach
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population
group of organisms in the same habitat
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community
all species that exist in a habitat
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ecosystem
combination of community and environment
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diffusion
solutes more from high to low concentration
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osmosis
water moves from high to low concentration
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intraspecific competition
Organisms can compete with members of their own species
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interspecific competition
Organisms can compete with members of other species
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competetive exclusion
the exclusion of one species by another due to competition
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resources partitioning
a situation in which two species divide a resource
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osmoconformers
they do not control solute/water balance ; internal concentration varies in salinity as water around them changes
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osmoregulators
organisms that actively control solute/water balance by using organs and can usually tolerate high amounts of salinity
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predation
An organism that consumes another individual or eats a part of that organism, such as grazing
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ectotherms
generate body heat metabolically but cannot maintain constant body temperature
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poikilotherms
generate body heat metabolically but cannot maintain constant body temperature
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endotherms
generate body heat metabolically and body temperature does not mimic their surrounding environment
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homeotherms
retain metabolic heat and maintains a constant body temperature
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mutualism
(+ +) both species benefit
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commensalism
(+ 0) One species benefits with no apparent effect on the other
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parasitism
(+ -) one species benefits & the other is harmed
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faculative symbiosis
partners in a symbiotic relationship can live without one another
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obligate symbiosis
the partners cannot survive with the other partner
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asexual reproduction
method of reproduction that does not involve the mating of 2 animals ; produced by single parent organisms ; ALWAYS clonal
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mitosis
cells split to form two daughter cells
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binary fission
splitting of one organisms to 2 smaller organisms
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budding
organisms develops buds that break off and become another organism
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vegetative
sending an underground stem from which new plants will sprout
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sexual reproduction
a method of reproduction that involves the mating of 2 individuals ; parents produce gametes that unite to form individuals
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broadcast spawning
marine organisms release their eggs into the water
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hermaphrodites
individuals that have both male and female reproductive tissues either simultaneously or at different times
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protandry
an individual spends time as a male and at some point, changes into a female
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protogny
an individual spends time as a female and at some point, changes into a male
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benthic organisms
live in/near bottom features of the ocean
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intertidal zones
a benthic zones located between high and low tide
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subtidal zones
a zone that is always submerged; below the low tide level.
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neritic zone
a zone that has Waters above continental shelf
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