OCEANOGRAPHY/MARINE BIOLOGY FALL SEMESTER EXAM

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oceanography

the study of the physical, chemical and biological aspects of the ocean

Marine biology

the study of organisms that live in the sea

Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory

was established in Massachusetts in 1888, and was founded in 1930

remote sensing

satellites are used to view large expanses of ocean at the surface

Sound navigation and ranging

what does SONAR stand for

SONAR

maps seafloor depths and formations, used to track animals

self contained underwater breathing apparatus

what does SCUBA stand for

SCUBA

used for direct exploration of oceanic environments for long periods of time and deeper depths

crittercams

cameras attached to marine animals that allow researchers to see animal behaviors

remotely operated vehicle

what does ROV stand for

ROV

allows direct exploration of marine environment controlled from a vessel

AUV

operated independently

autonomous underwater vehicles

what does AUV stand for

research vessels

floating laboratories that allow marine biologists to explore environments

atlantic pacific indian arctic

4 ocean basins

heavier, lighter

\_______ materials settled deep in the earth, \_______ components formed a crust

core

innermost layer of the earth

mantle

middle layer of the earth

crust

outermost layer of the earth

Alfred wegener

who proposed the theory of continental drift

Theory of Continental Drift

all continents were once one big "supercontinent"

Pangaea

what is the name of the supercontinent from the theory of continental drift

plate tectonics

mid oceanic ridges

geomagnetic anomalies

island arcs and trenches

jigsaw puzzle

fossils

rock and sediment formations

sea floor spreading

plates pull apart

convergence

plated collide and one plate forces under the other, creating trenches

shear

plates slide past each other ; the friction causes earthquakes

oceanic

the type of crust that is dark colored, mineral composed, extremely dense

continental

the type of crust that is light colored, granite composed, less dense

lithogenous

derived from breakdowns of rocks - inorganic particles

biogenous

derived from skeletons and shells of marine organisms - organic particles

continental margins

boundaries between the continental and oceanic crust

continental shelf

A gently sloping, shallow area of the ocean floor that extends outward from the edge of a continent

continental slope

a steep incline of the ocean floor leading down from the edge of the continental shelf

continental rise

the gently sloping area at the base of the continental slope

active margin

exhibit intense geological activity ; occur in north america's west coast

passsive margin

no geological activity ; occur at the base of continental slopes

hydrothermal vents

A deep-sea hot spring where heated seawater forces its way up through the crust

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

hydrogen bonding

attraction of molecules to each other

solid, liquid, gas

list the 3 states of water

properties of water

polarity

cohesion

occurs in 3 states

universal solvent

adhesion

high heat capacity

4, 0

water freezes from _ to _ degrees celsius

33, 1

every __ ft, pressure increases by _ atm

deep sound channel

the depth at which sound waves travel slowest, allowing low frequency waves to travel vast distances

generating force

a force that disturbs the surface of water, producing a wave

crest

highest point of the wave

trough

lowest point of the wave

wavelength

distance between two crests/two troughs

wave period

the time it takes for a wave to pass by a certain point

Coriolis effect

because the earth spins continuously anything that passes over the earth is deflected

wave cancellation

the crest of one wave meets the trough of another

wave reinforcement

the crests of two waves collide, they add together to produce a higher wave

stability

a water column where warmer, less dense surfave water floats on top of denser water below

overturn

The sinking of surface water that has become more dense than the water below.

deep water waves

waves that move in water deeper than one-half their wavelength

shallow water waves

waves that reach water shallower than one-half their wavelength

thermohaline circulation

an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water

great ocean conveyor

A global circulation pattern in which water cycles throughout the ocean basins.

semidirunal

two equal high and low tides

mixed semidiurnal

unequal high and low tides

diurnal

one high and low tide

spring tides

tidal range increases because of the sun and moon alignment (180°)

neap tides

occur between spring tides whne sun and moon ar enot in alignment (90°)

tidal bores

waves created by tides, usually in shallow water, that can be very dangerous

longshore transport

as a wave nears the shore, the particles of water are transported toward the shore and down the beach

population

group of organisms in the same habitat

community

all species that exist in a habitat

ecosystem

combination of community and environment

diffusion

solutes more from high to low concentration

osmosis

water moves from high to low concentration

intraspecific competition

Organisms can compete with members of their own species

interspecific competition

Organisms can compete with members of other species

competetive exclusion

the exclusion of one species by another due to competition

resources partitioning

a situation in which two species divide a resource

osmoconformers

they do not control solute/water balance ; internal concentration varies in salinity as water around them changes

osmoregulators

organisms that actively control solute/water balance by using organs and can usually tolerate high amounts of salinity

predation

An organism that consumes another individual or eats a part of that organism, such as grazing

ectotherms

generate body heat metabolically but cannot maintain constant body temperature

poikilotherms

generate body heat metabolically but cannot maintain constant body temperature

endotherms

generate body heat metabolically and body temperature does not mimic their surrounding environment

homeotherms

retain metabolic heat and maintains a constant body temperature

mutualism

(+ +) both species benefit

commensalism

(+ 0) One species benefits with no apparent effect on the other

parasitism

(+ -) one species benefits & the other is harmed

faculative symbiosis

partners in a symbiotic relationship can live without one another

obligate symbiosis

the partners cannot survive with the other partner

asexual reproduction

method of reproduction that does not involve the mating of 2 animals ; produced by single parent organisms ; ALWAYS clonal

mitosis

cells split to form two daughter cells

binary fission

splitting of one organisms to 2 smaller organisms

budding

organisms develops buds that break off and become another organism

vegetative

sending an underground stem from which new plants will sprout

sexual reproduction

a method of reproduction that involves the mating of 2 individuals ; parents produce gametes that unite to form individuals

broadcast spawning

marine organisms release their eggs into the water

hermaphrodites

individuals that have both male and female reproductive tissues either simultaneously or at different times

protandry

an individual spends time as a male and at some point, changes into a female

protogny

an individual spends time as a female and at some point, changes into a male

benthic organisms

live in/near bottom features of the ocean

intertidal zones

a benthic zones located between high and low tide

subtidal zones

a zone that is always submerged; below the low tide level.

neritic zone

a zone that has Waters above continental shelf