biopsych finals

Affect

refers to the experience of emotions, moods, and feelings

affective neuroscience

examines how the brain creates emotional responses

Emotions

are psychological phenomena that involve changes to the body (e.g., facial expression), changes in autonomic nervous system activity, feeling states (subjective responses), and urges to act in specific ways

Affective neuroscience

It also leads to biologically based treatments for affective disorders, such as depression and bipolar disorder.

limbic system

plays a crucial role in processing feelings

Fear

activates the sympathetic nervous system, increasing heart rate and breathing

Happiness

triggers the parasympathetic system, promoting relaxation.

Amygdala

processes and regulates emotions, particularly fear and anxiety

Amygdala

plays crucial role in emotional learning and memory formation and contributes to threat detection and fear conditioning

Hippocampus

forms emotional memories and processes contextual information

Hippocampus

Works with amygdala to create and retrieve emotional memories and enables recognition of emotional situations based on past experiences

Hypothalamus

coordinates emotional responses with physiological changes

Hypothalamus

Regulates hormonal responses to emotional stimuli and controls autonomic nervous system activation during emotions

Stroke

happens when there is a loss of blood flow to part of the brain

Ischemic stroke

is caused by a blood clot that blocks or plugs a blood vessel in the brain. This is the most common type; about 80% of strokes

Hemorrhagic stroke

is caused by a blood vessel that breaks and bleeds into the brain

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

It's sometimes called a "mini-stroke." This happen when the blood supply to the brain is blocked for a short time.

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Another condition that's similar to a stroke

brain tumor

is a mass of abnormal cells that form into a growth in the brain

Tumors

occur when something goes wrong with genes that regulate cell growth, allowing cells to grow and divide out of control

Tumors

can be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant).

Benign tumors

a type of tumor that don't spread to other body parts and often can be removed surgically.

Malignant tumors

a type of tumor that can invade surrounding tissue; some this type of brain tumors can be removed entirely through surgery, whereas others have hard-to-define edges so are difficult to remove completely.

primary tumors

tumor that start within the brain

secondary or metastatic tumors

tumor that are caused by cancer cells that break away from a primary tumor somewhere else in the body and spread to the brain

Metastatic tumors

tumor that are more common than primary tumors in the brain and occur more often in adults than in children

Brain tumors in the front of the brain

brain tumors in this area might cause balance problems and trouble walking. There might be personality changes, such as forgetfulness and lack of interest in usual activities.

Brain tumors in the middle of the brain

brain tumors in this area can cause problems related to the senses. Examples include vision problems and hearing problems

Brain tumors in the back of the brain

brain tumors in this area can cause vision loss

Brain tumors in the lower part of the brain

brain tumors in this area can cause memory problems. They might cause someone to see, taste or smell something that isn't there. Sometimes the taste or smell is unpleasant or unusual

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

happens when a sudden, external, physical assault damages the brain.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

It is one of the most common causes of disability and death in adults.

Closed brain injury

happen when there is a nonpenetrating injury to the brain with no break in the skull.

Penetrating brain injury

happen when there is a break in the skull, such as whena bullet pierces the brain

Diffuse axonal injury

is the shearing (tearing) of the brain's long connecting nerve fibers (axons) that happens when the brain is injured as it shifts and rotates inside the bony skull.

Primary brain injury

refers to the sudden and profound injury to the brain that is considered to be more or less complete at the time of impact. This happens at the time of the car accident, gunshot wound,or fall

Secondary brain injury

refers to the changes that evolve over a period of hours to days after the primary brain injury. It includes an entire series of steps or stages of cellular, chemical, tissue, or blood vessel changes in the brain that contribute to further destruction of brain tissue.

motor vehicle accidents

falls

a result of shaking a child

The most common cause of head injuries

coup lesion

A bruise directly related to trauma at the site of impact is called a

contrecoup lesion

As the brain jolts backward, it can hit the skull on the opposite side and cause a bruise called

Coma

is an altered state of consciousness that may be very deep (unconsciousness) so that no amount of stimulation will cause the patient to respond.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

is any violence perpetrated by a current or former partner, spouse, significant other, girlfriend, or boyfriend with whom one has had an intimate relationship.

Strangulation

is another form of IPV and can be defined as "sustained impairment of air or blood flow through the neck as a result of external pressure"

Alzheimer's disease

is a condition that affects the brain. Symptoms are mild at first and become more severe over time.

Moderate Alzheimer's disease

In this stage of Alzheimer's disease, the parts of the brain responsible for language, senses, reasoning, and consciousness become damaged

Mild Alzheimer's disease

In this stage of Alzheimer's disease, people might develop memory problems and thinking difficulties that may include taking longer than usual to perform daily tasks, difficulty handling money or paying the bills, wandering and getting lost, experiencing personality and behavior changes, such as getting upset or angry more easily, hiding things, or pacing

Severe Alzheimer's disease

In this stage of Alzheimer's disease, plaques and tangles are present throughout the brain, causing the brain tissue to shrink substantially

Alzheimer's disease

is a progressive condition, meaning the symptoms get worse over time. Memory loss is a key feature, and this tends to be one of the first symptoms to develop.

Memory loss

A person may have difficulty taking in new information and remembering information

Cognitive deficits

it is when a person may experience difficulty with reasoning, complex tasks, and judgment.

Dementia

is an umbrella term for a range of conditions that involve a loss of cognitive functioning.

Parkinson's Disease

is a condition in which parts of the brain become progressively damaged over many years.

substantia nigra

is a part of your brain that helps control your movements. It's part of the basal ganglia

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

is a long-lasting (chronic) disease of the central nervous system.

Physiotherapy

focuses more on manual, hands-on therapy such as soft tissue and fascial releases, stretches, massages, etc.

Physical therapy

takes a more exercise-based approach. The professionals educate patients about exercises for muscle strength, coordination, balance, and others

Myelin

is a protein and fatty substance that surrounds and protects nerve fibers

MRI

This diagnostic test uses a combination of large magnets and a computer to make detailed pictures of organs and structures within the body without the use of X-rays.

Evoked potentials

These tests record the brain's electrical response to visual, auditory, and sensory stimuli. These tests show if you have a slowing of messages in the different parts of the brain

Cerebrospinal fluid analysis

This is also called a spinal tap or lumbar puncture. It looks at the fluid taken from the spinal column to make an evaluation or diagnosis. This test checks for cellular and chemical abnormalities seen with MS

Blood tests

These are done to rule out other causes for various neurological symptoms.

Psychological disorders

emerge from complex interactions among biological, social, and environmental factors.

Schizophrenia

is a psychological disorder that is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior

0.3-0.7%

About what percent of the population experiences schizophrenia, and the disorder is usually first diagnosed during early adulthood (late teens to mid-20s).

Hallucinations

are the experience of hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, or feeling things that are not there.

Delusions

are beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held despite contradictory evidence

Paranoid delusions

refer to the (false) belief that other people are plotting to harm them(e.g., that their mother is plotting with the FBI to poison their coffee).

Grandiose delusions

refer to beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important (e.g., claiming to be Jesus Christ or be a great philosopher).

Somatic delusions

refer to the belief that something highly abnormal is happening to one's body (e.g., that one's kidneys are being eaten by cockroaches).

flat affect

can be a negative symptom of schizophrenia, meaning that your emotional expressions don't show outwardly.

Social withdrawal

may be a result of "passive" motivation (reduced drive to engage) or "active" motivation (increased drive to avoid).

Dopamine dysregulation

is one of the most prominent neural mechanisms underlying schizophrenia

diathesis

means vulnerability or predisposition

Mania

is a state of extreme elation and agitation.

Bipolar I

requires at least one manic episode, characterized by abnormal, persistent mood elevation or irritability lasting nearly all day, every day, for at least a week.

Bipolar II

is diagnosed when only less severe hypomanic episodes occur for at least 4 days.

Anxiety

can be defined as a negative mood state that is accompanied by bodily symptoms such as increased heart rate, muscle tension, a sense of unease, and apprehension about the future

Anxiety disorders

are characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

an underlying excessive worry related to a wide range of events or activities and an inability to control that worry.

Specific phobia

fear or anxiety specific to an object or a situation (e.g., animals, heights, water, needles, airplanes, elevators).

Agoraphobia

intense fear of public situations or places where escape seems difficult

Social anxiety disorder

fear or anxiety related to social situations, especially when evaluation by others is possible

Panic disorder

series of unexpected panic attacks coupled with the fear of future panic attacks

40%

Heritability for depressive disorders is about what percent

amygdala

is involved in triggering panic attacks through its central nucleus, which connects with brain structures (e.g. in the brainstem), that control autonomic functions such as respiration and heart rate.

Obsessions

are unwanted, intrusive, recurrent, and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that cause distressing emotions such as anxiety, fear, or disgust.

Compulsions

are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.

OCD

involves unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors that cause distress

OCPD

consists of persistent personality traits marked by perfectionism and rigidity, which are often perceived as inherent to a person's character.

talking therapy

usually a type of therapy that helps you face your fears and obsessive thoughts without "putting them right" with compulsions.

Phrenology

was a popular pseudoscience suggesting that certain human faculties could be linked to bumps and indentations of the brain, which could be felt on the surface of the skull.

Polyvagal theory

emphasizes role of vagus nerve in emotion regulation. This emphasizes the role the autonomic nervous system- especially the vagus nerve plays in regulating our health and behavior.

Phantom limb sensation

(feelings of touch without pain) happens because your brain is trying to rearrange sensory signals after an amputation.

neuroplasticity

brain changes itself through a process called

Maladaptive Plasticity

refers to the plasticity in the nervous system that leads to a disruption of the function and may be considered as a disease state

medial prefrontal cortex

part of the brain that helps us make sense of emotions, memory, and social information

Advanced Understanding of RecOvery afteR traumA (AURORA)

is a multi-site study tracking brain and cognitive development in trauma patients for one year after an emergency department visit

Psychological debriefing

it is when individuals who experienced a traumatic event discuss or process their thoughts within 72 hours of the event.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

works by identifying and challenging the negative cognitions (thoughts) surrounding the traumatic event and replacing them with positive, more adaptive cognitions.

Exposure Therapy

involves a therapist exposing the individual to cues or situations associated with their traumatic memory, then having them use positive coping strategies such as relaxation techniques to reduce their feelings of distress.