Animal Science Exam 3 (Final)

Cats, Dogs, Alternative Ag.

Intact Female Canine

Bitch

Intact Male Canine

Stud Dog

Birthing Process for Canines

Whelping

Neonatal Period in Canines

• 0-10 days

• Altricious (born in an undeveloped state)

• eyelids and ear canals are closed

• traits

  • strong suckle

  • raise head

  • vocalize

  • scoot on the floor

Infant Period in Canines

• 11 days - 3 weeks

• develop vision and hearing

• movement increases

• by 2/3 weeks they walk/urinate/defecate spontaneously

• at 14 days they get 1st deworming

Socialization Period in Canines

• 3-12 weeks

• begin vaccinations

• expose puppies to stimuli they will experience in life

• 3-6 weeks: baby teeth erupt

• 4-6 weeks: testes descend

• 6-8 weeks: first vet visit, weaning, house train, etc.

• Basic Training

• Socialization with people

Fear Period in Canines

• 8-12 weeks

• occurs during socialization

• training should be thoughtful

• puppies can become fearful/anxious/neurotic

Juvenile Period in Canines

• 4 months-Puberty

• rapid physical development

• increased independence

• fear periods for ~3 weeks

• continued training

Adolescent Period in Canines

• puberty - social maturity

• degree of social maturity varies by breed

Methods of Reproduction Management in Canines

• neuter

  • castration/removal of testes

• spay

  • ovariohysterectomy (OHE/OVH)

Benefits of Reproduction Management in Canines

• no unplanned pregnancy

• no estrus behavior

• decreased risk of uterine dz

• decreased risk of ovarian dz

• decreased risk of mammary tumors

Risks of Reproduction Management in Canines

• surgical risk

• anesthetic risk

• urinary incontinence (rare)

• weight gain

• permanent

Timing of Reproduction Management in Canines

• reasearch has shown early neutering might increase the risk of

  • joint disorders

  • cancers

• Breed specific

• not one size fits all

  • best may depend on dog’s behavior, job, breed, environment, etc.

Canine Estrous Cycle

• breed dependent

• non-seasonally monoestrous

• 4 Phases

  • proestrus (9 days)

  • estrus (9 days)

  • diestrus (2 months)

  • anestrus (3-5 months)

• 4-13 months between cycles (avg 7 months)

Canine Proestrus

• 1st day of spotting

• female attracts male but resists breeding

• enlarged vulva

• blood-tinged discharge

• hormones

  • estrogen is increasing and peaks just before standing heat

  • progesterone is at basal levels

Canine Estrus

• seeks male, flags tail, stands for mating

• pink/straw colored discharge

• hormones

  • estrogen is dropping

  • progesterone (p4) is rising

Canine Diestrus

• wont stand for mating

• little/no discharge

• hormones

  • estrogen is baseline

  • progesterone peaks and drops by the end of diestrus

  • prolactin causes mammary gland development

Canine Anestrus

• 3-5 months

• no behavioral signs

• estrogen fluctuates

• progesterone is low

Canine Gestation

• 65 ± 1 day from LH peak

• 63 ± 8 days from breeding (55-71)

• large variation can cause complications and possible fetal death if puppies are delivered too early

Canine Pregnancy Imaging

• radiography

  • pregnant

  • fetal number

  • fetal position

• ultrasonography

  • ~pregnant

  • fetal viability

    • fetal HR

  • maternal abdominal health

  • ~fetal location

Whelping Stage 1

Preparation

• 6-24 hours

• increase in fetal cortisol

  • lowering progesterone

  • increasins placental and uterine PGF2a

• cervical dilation and uterine contractions

• nesting and hiding, restless, shivering, increased HR/RR

Whelping Stage 2

Delivery of Puppies

• uterine and abdominal contractions

  • ~30 min-1 hour of active straining = puppy

  • ~15 min- 3 hours between puppies

Whelping Stage 3

Delivery of Placenta

• the placenta can be passed after each puppy or after 2-3 pups

• count placentas and don’t let the mom eat them

Canine Dystocia

• stage 2 lasts >30 minutes without puppy delivery

• >2 hours between the delivery of puppies

• mom shows signs of illness or distress

• stage ½ never begins

• prominent blood tinged discharge

• green tinged discharge without delivery

Canine Baby Resuscitation

• warmth + airway + breathing + circulation

• break the amnion

• suction the nose and mouth with a bl\ulb syringe

• vigorously rub dry

• monitor breathing, vocalizing, movement, and HR

• provide oxygen

• KEEP WARM

Canine Core Vaccines

DA2LPP or DHLPP

• series of 3 vaccines (3-4 weeks)

• puppy

  • 1st at 6-8 weeks

  • 2nd at 10-12 weeks

    • lepto at 12 weeks

  • 3rd at 14-16 weeks

    • lepto booster

  • 4th at 20 weeks (canine parvovirus)

• adult

  • booster in 1 year, then every 3 years

Rabies

• puppy

  • 3-4 months

• adult

  • booster in 1 year, then every year/ every 3 years

Rabies

pathogen: rabies virus

transmission: transmitted through saliva (bites)

clinical signs

• range from anxious to vague changes

• difficulty swallowing, sensitivity to light, paralysis, death

treatment: none

Canine Distemper Virus

pathogen: contagious paramyxovirus

transmission: aerosolized droplets

• does not live well outside of host

Steps to infection

• 1d - CDV multiplies in white blood cells and is carried to lymphnodes

• few d- CDV proliferates in lymphoid organs

• Viremia - epithelial cells of skin, eyes, respiratory tract, GI, and UG tracts

Immune system determines outcome

• strong immune system + vaccinations - fight off distemper

• partial immunity - treatable and few clinical signs

• low immunity - most likely death

clinical signs

• fever

• vomiting, diarrhea, letharvy

• nasal/ocular discharge/pneumonia

• thickened foot/nasal pads

• circling, head tilts, focal seizures, paralysis

Diagnosis

• virus isolation

• fever + multisystemic dz

Treatment

• symptomatic and supportive care

• no antivirals against canine distemper!

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

pathogen: canine adenovirus 1

transmission: oronasal exposure in infected saliva/urine/feces

• virus can survive outside the host for weeks to months

clinical signs:

• viremia

• nonspecific signs (lethargy/thirst/anorexia)

• runny eyes/blue eyes/corneal edema/conjunctivitis

• abdominal pain/vomiting/diarrhea

• clotting problems

• paralysis/incoordination/central blindness

mortality: 10-30% (highest in younger animals)