TOEFL 7 Physics

mass; physical mass; What does mass measure in physics?; Mass measures the amount of matter in an object.

質量; 質量

acceleration; linear acceleration; What causes acceleration in mechanics?; Acceleration is produced by a net force acting on mass.

加速度; 加速度

friction; kinetic friction; How does friction affect moving objects?; Friction resists relative motion between contact surfaces.

摩擦(力); 動摩擦

velocity; vector velocity; How does velocity differ from speed?; Velocity specifies speed magnitude along with a directional vector.

速度; 速度

momentum; linear momentum; What defines momentum in classical mechanics?; Momentum equals the product of an object's mass and velocity.

動量; 動量

resistance; electrical resistance; What opposes electric current in a resistor?; Electrical resistance restricts free flow of electric charge.

電阻; 電阻

ohm; electrical ohm; What unit measures electrical resistance?; An ohm measures electrical resistance in a circuit.

歐姆; 歐姆

electric current; direct electric current; How does electric current flow through a conductor?; Electric current flows as a directed movement of charge carriers.

電流; 直流電流

in series; connected in series; How do components connect in series?; Components in series share a single sequential current path.

串聯; 串聯

in parallel; connected in parallel; How do branch lines split in parallel circuits?; Components in parallel split voltage across concurrent branches.

並聯; 並聯

inertia; rotational inertia; Why does inertia resist velocity changes?; Inertia preserves an object's current state of motion or rest.

慣性; 慣性

locomotion; mechanical locomotion; What drives locomotion in physical systems?; Locomotion describes active displacement or movement of a system.

運動(力); 機械運動

convection; thermal convection; How does thermal convection transfer heat?; Thermal convection transfers heat via fluid or air mass motion.

對流; 熱對流

trajectory; flight trajectory; What shapes a projectile trajectory in gravity?; A parabolic trajectory traces the path of freefall motion.

軌跡; 飛行軌跡

horizontal; horizontal plane; Which direction is horizontal relative to gravity?; A horizontal orientation runs perpendicular to gravitational pull.

水平的; 水平平面

vertical; vertical axis; Which axis represents a vertical alignment?; A vertical line aligns parallel with gravitational acceleration.

垂直的; 垂直軸

wave; sinusoidal wave; How does a wave propagate energy through a medium?; A wave transfers energy via oscillating periodic disturbances.

波、波動; 正弦波

wavelength; spatial wavelength; What distance defines a wave wavelength?; Wavelength measures the spatial repeat distance between wave peaks.

波長; 波長

frequency; wave frequency; How is wave frequency quantified per second?; Frequency counts complete oscillation cycles per unit time.

頻率; 頻率

electromagnetic; electromagnetic spectrum; How does an electromagnetic field travel through space?; An electromagnetic wave couples oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

電磁的; 電磁光譜

solar radiation; incoming solar radiation; How does solar radiation reach Earth's surface?; Solar radiation delivers radiant energy photons from the sun.

太陽輻射; 太陽輻射

spectrum; continuous spectrum; What separates light into a visible spectrum?; A spectrum disperses polychromatic radiation by wavelength components.

光譜; 連續光譜

ultraviolet; ultraviolet radiation; Where does ultraviolet sit on the frequency scale?; Ultraviolet light lies just beyond the violet end of visible light.

紫外線的; 紫外線

infrared; infrared radiation; What detection captures infrared thermal emission?; Infrared radiation senses thermal heat signatures via longer wavelengths.

紅外線的; 紅外線

sound wave; acoustic sound wave; How do pressure fluctuations form a sound wave?; A sound wave compresses longitudinal elastic medium layers.

聲波; 聲波

radio wave; long radio wave; What frequency band characterizes a radio wave?; A radio wave utilizes low-frequency electromagnetic spectrum transmission.

無線電波; 無線電波

light wave; visible light wave; What spectrum band forms a visible light wave?; A light wave stimulates human visual perception photoreceptors.

光波; 可見光波

white noise; acoustic white noise; What defines frequency content in white noise?; White noise distributes equal spectral energy across audible frequencies.

白噪音; 白噪音

universal gravitation; gravitational attraction; What law governs universal gravitation masses?; Universal gravitation pulls masses proportional to inverse squared distance.

萬有引力; 萬有引力

law of conservation of momentum; total momentum conservation; When does the law of conservation of momentum apply?; Momentum remains constant in isolated systems free of external forces.

動量守恆定律; 動量守恆定律