Liquids and Solids - Vocabulary Flashcards

Flashcards for Chapter 10: Liquids and Solids

Intermolecular Forces (IMFs)

Forces of attraction between molecules

Dispersion Forces (London)

Present in all molecules; arise from temporary dipoles.

Dipole-Dipole

Between polar molecules

Hydrogen Bonding

Strongest van der Waals force; H bonded to N, O, or F.

Viscosity

Resistance to flow

Surface Tension

Energy to increase liquid surface area.

Cohesion

Attraction between like molecules.

Adhesion

Attraction between unlike molecules.

Capillary Rise

Liquid rises/falls in narrow tubes based on cohesion/adhesion.

Vaporization

Liquid → Vapor

Condensation

Vapor → Liquid

Vapor Pressure

Pressure from vapor at equilibrium

Boiling Point

Occurs when vapor pressure = external pressure.

ΔHvap

Heat needed to vaporize a substance.

ΔHfus

Heat needed to melt a substance.

Phase Diagrams

Show phase of a substance under different temperature/pressure.

Triple Point

All three states coexist.

Critical Point

Above this, no distinct liquid/gas; supercritical fluid forms.

Crystalline

Ordered (e.g., salt, diamonds).

Amorphous

Disordered (e.g., glass, plastic).

Molecular Solid

Soft, low melting points (e.g., Ice, CO₂)

Ionic Solid

Hard, high melting points (e.g., NaCl)

Metallic Solid

Malleable, conductive (e.g., Fe, Cu)

Covalent Network Solid

Very hard, high melting points (e.g., Diamond, SiO₂)