Purposive Communication Reviewer - Lessons 1 to 4 Flashcards

A complete set of vocabulary flashcards based on Lessons 1 through 4 covering communication fundamentals, historical developments, models, language concepts, communication styles, levels, and non-verbal elements.

Communication

The process of understanding and sharing meaning, derived from the Latin word communicare, which means 'to share' or 'to make common.'

Process (in Communication)

A series of actions or steps used to achieve a purpose.

Understanding

Perceiving, interpreting, and connecting information to what we already know.

Sharing

Doing something together with one or more people.

Meaning

The idea, information, feeling, or message being communicated.

Verbal Communication

Communication through spoken words.

Non-Verbal Communication

Communication without using words.

Visual Communication

Communication that uses visual elements to convey a message.

Written Communication

Communication through written words.

7 Cs of Communication

Qualities that make communication more effective: Clear, Concise, Concrete, Correct, Coherent, Complete, and Courteous.

Pictograms

Pictures or images that represent a simple object or place.

Ideograms

Symbols that represent an idea or concept.

Bi Sheng and Wang Chen

Historical figures associated with an early printing press in China.

Johannes Gutenberg

Developer of a modernized printing press capable of mass-producing printed materials.

Cyrus the Great

Ruler who developed royal roads and a postal system to facilitate communication across his empire.

Telecommunications

Sending and receiving information using electronic means such as wires, radio, or electromagnetic devices.

Joseph Henry

Inventor who developed the electric telegraph.

Samuel Morse

Further developed the telegraph and helped create Morse Code alongside Alfred Vail.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor who patented the telephone in 1876.

Guglielmo Marconi

Inventor associated with the development of wireless telegraphy/radio.

Ray Tomlinson

Individual credited with the initial invention of email.

Tim Berners-Lee

Individual generally credited as the inventor of the World Wide Web.

Information Age

The 21st-century period associated with the transition from an industrial economy toward information technology.

Shannon-Weaver Model of Communication

A linear communication model developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver in 1948 to explain how messages are sent, received, and distorted.

Sender / Information Source

The element in the Shannon-Weaver Model that creates the message.

Encoder / Transmitter

The element in the Shannon-Weaver Model that converts the message into signals.

Channel

The pathway or carrier used to transport the message in communication.

Noise

Anything that interferes with or distorts communication.

Decoder / Receiver

The component that converts a signal back into a message for the receiver to interpret.

Technical Problem

A communication issue caused by defects in the channel, encoder, or decoder.

Semantic Problem

A communication issue where the meaning of the message sent and received differs.

Effectiveness Problem

A communication issue regarding whether the message produces the intended reaction or response.

Psychological Noise

Internal thoughts, attitudes, assumptions, or biases that interfere with understanding.

Cultural Noise

Misunderstandings caused by differences in cultural beliefs, behaviors, or non-verbal cues.

Organizational Noise

Communication problems caused by unclear or inappropriate communication channels within an organization.

Language

A system of symbols and rules used by people to communicate meaning.

Edward Sapir

Scholar who viewed language as a system of symbols.

George Yule

Scholar who defined language as a human communication system allowing communication about past, future, and abstract ideas.

Ferdinand de Saussure

Scholar who viewed language as a social phenomenon existing within society and communities.

Arbitrary (Nature of Language)

The characteristic of language where there is generally no natural connection between a word and what it represents.

Dynamic (Nature of Language)

The characteristic describing how language continuously changes over time.

Phonology

Rules about language sounds.

Morphology

Rules about word formation.

Syntax

Rules about word arrangement in sentences.

Semantics

Rules about word and sentence meaning.

Pragmatics

Rules concerning how language is used appropriately depending on context.

Speech

The actual use of language through spoken sounds.

Speech Community

A group of people who share language practices, norms, or expectations.

Language Acquisition

A mostly natural and gradual process of developing language through exposure and interaction.

Language Learning

The conscious and deliberate study of a language.

Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

Developing knowledge and ability in a language learned after acquiring the primary language.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself as a person learns and uses language.

Code-Switching

The process where a speaker alternates between two or more languages or language varieties.

Translanguaging

The practice of using a person's entire linguistic repertoire to understand and communicate.

Cen Williams

Scholar associated with the early pedagogical use of the term translanguaging.

Ofelia García

Major contributor to the theorization and development of translanguaging.

Passive Communication Style

Communication style characterized by 'I lose, you win,' where a person refrains from strongly expressing feelings or opinions.

Aggressive Communication Style

Communication style summarized as 'I win, you lose,' where a person pushes their views without considering others.

Passive-Aggressive Communication Style

Communication style summarized as 'I lose, you lose,' where anger or disagreement is expressed indirectly.

Assertive Communication Style

Communication style summarized as 'I win, you win,' where feelings and opinions are expressed clearly while respecting others.

Intrapersonal Communication

Level 1 communication that occurs within oneself, such as thinking or self-reflection.

Interpersonal Communication

Level 2 communication occurring between two or more people, especially through one-on-one interaction.

Group Communication

Level 3 communication occurring within small groups, teams, or project units.

Organizational Communication

Level 4 communication operating inside large organizations like corporations or institutions.

Public Communication

Level 5 communication directed toward a large audience in settings such as speeches or lectures.

Mass Communication

Level 6 communication that reaches a wide, large audience via mass media channels.

Cross-Cultural Communication

Level 7 communication occurring between individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds.

Proxemics

The study and use of space or distance between people during non-verbal communication.

Paralanguage

Non-linguistic acoustic elements of speech, including pitch, speed, volume, and intonation.

Haptics

Non-verbal communication conveyed through the sense of touch.

Artifacts

Objects or personal items, such as clothing, jewelry, or hairstyles, that communicate identity.