Lesson 6: Energy Transferring Organelles, Cytoskeleton, and Cell Junctions

what is the function of mitochondria

cellular respiration

how does mitochondria perform cellular respiration

converting sugars, fats, and other fuels, with the help of oxygen, into energy for cells

what are the by products of cellular respiration by mitochondria

co2 and water

are chloroplasts and mitochondria a part of the endomembrane system

no

how many membranes do mitochondria have

2

how many membranes do chloroplasts typically have

typically 3

what is the function of chloroplasts

photosynthesis

how do chloroplasts perform photosynthesis

convert solar energy into chemical energy

photosynthesis materials and by product

organic compounds such as sugars from carbon dioxide and water, oxygen is the byproduct

chloroplast and mitochondria both contain small amounts of what

DNA

how are chloroplasts and mitochondria proof of endosymbiosis

they contain small amounts of DNA

the DNA found within photosynthesis and mitochondria program what

the synthesis of their own proteins by the organelle ribosomes

are all of the proteins needed by chloroplasts and mitochondria made in their own ribosomes

no

what does semiautonomous mean

act semi-independently

chloroplasts and mitochondria might have evolved from what

free living bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells

chloroplasts and mitochondria _____ and _____ within the cell independently to some extent but still rely on the cell for certain functions

grow and reproduce

mitochondria generate what

ATP

what is ATP

energy form/currency that cells use to perform functions

number of mitochondria correlates to a cells what

metabolic rate

do muscles cells have energy needs

yes

how many mitochondria can muscle cells have

hundreds to thousands

mitochondria are what

dynamic

mitochondria being dynamic means they can

change shape, move throughout the cell, and divide to meet cells energy needs

mitochondria being dynamic allows them to do what

respond to different metabolic demands efficiently

what are chloroplasts found in

plants and algae

what pigment do chloroplasts contain that is necessary for capturing light

chlorophyll

chloroplasts are what

dynamic

what does chloroplasts being dynamic mean

they can change shape, move around within the cell, and divide

chloroplasts being dynamic(being flexible) allow them to

position themselves for optimal light absorption during photosynthesis

what are peroxisomes

small single membrane sacs that play a crucial role in eukaryotic cells that play a role in detoxification

what do the enzymes within peroxisomes do

produces hydrogen peroxide, as well as break down excess hydrogen peroxide

how do peroxisomes detoxify alcohol/harmful compounds

by transferring the H from poisons to oxygen (oxidation)

what do peroxisomes sequester preventing damage to the cell

hydrogen peroxide

what is the cytoskeleton

network of proteins fibers that extend throughout cytoplasm

function of cytoskeleton

mechanical, transport and signaling functions

what is the cytoskeleton made up of

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

cytoskleleton provides

support

cytoskeleton aids in

movement

size of microtubules

25nm in diameter, 200nm to 2µm

microtubules are what

hollow tubes

what are microtubules constructed from

tubulin, a globular protein

tubulin is what

a dimer

is tubulin made up of subunits

yes

how many subunits of tubulin are there

two

what are the subunits of tubulin

alpha and beta tubulin

how many ends does microtubule have

2

how do the ends of microtubules work

one locked in place, and one where the microtubule grows/shrinks

which end of a microtubule adds and removes tubulin

the + end

microtubules ______ the cell and provide ______ and _____

support, compression, resistance

what are carried by motor proteins along microtubules

organelles

what carry organelles along microtubules

motor proteins

what also move along microtubules throughout cells

transport vesicles

what are centrioles made up of

microtubules

what type of cells are centrioles found in

animal cells

centrioles are used in what

cell division

centrioles form what type of structure

a ring structure made from 9 sets of triplet microtubules

what are centrioles used in

cell division

do plants and fungi have centrioles

no

centrioles are in a what

pairs

how do centriole pairs arrange themselves

in a 90 degree angle

centrioles serve as what in cell division

the organizational centers for the microtubules that ensure chromosomes are accurately distributed

cilia and flagella are ____ that project from our cells

microtubule extensions

many unicellular eukaryotes are propelled through water by

cilia and flagella

cilia move ______

substances relative to the cell

flagella move _____

the cell itself

what are microfilaments

solid rods about 7nm in diameter

what is the monomer of microfilaments

actin

what is actin

globular protein

microfilaments are a linear___

chain of actin subunits

structural role of microfilaments

to bear tension (pulling forces)

what is myosin

motor protein that binds to actin

what is the function of myosin

uses energy of ATP to walk along an actin filament

many myosin can form what that bind actin

filaments

actin and myosin are

Driving force of muscle cells and amoeboid movement

what part of the cytoskeleton is in between microtubules and microfilaments in size

intermediate filaments

size of intermediate filaments

8-12 nm

what is the structural role of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton

to bear tension

each intermediate filament is constructed from what

different molecular subunits belonging to a family of proteins (ex. keratin(hair, nails, skin, ect.))

intermediate filaments are more ______ fixtures of the cell compared to the others

permanent

nuclear lamina is an example of what

intermediate filaments

what type of cells are intermediate filaments common in

animal cells but not plants and fungi

different proteins of intermediate filaments

keratin, lamins, neurofilaments

what do nuerofilaments do

stabilize axons of nerve cells

cell wall is considered what type of component

extracellular

what is the cell wall

protective layer external to the plasma membrane of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists

what is the cell wall made of

polysaccharides

what is the cell wall in plants and some protists in made up of what

cellulose

cell wall of fungi is made up of what

chitin

cell wall of bacteria is made up of what

peptidoglycan

do animals have a defined cell wall

no

what do animal cells produce rather than a defined cell wall

an extracellular matrix

what does the extracellular matrix provide

a substrate for cells to adhere to

what do plasmodesmata connect

adjacent plant cells

what are plasmodesmata

membrane lined channels filled with cytoplasm that connect adjacent plant cells

what does plasmodesmata allow

communication and coordination between cells that are connected by cell walls

what can plasmodesmata move

water, ions, and small molecules between cells

cell junctions in animal cells have what

plasmodesmata

what happens at cell junctions in animal cells

tight junctions bind adjacent cells together through the interaction of transmembrane proteins

what prevents fluid from moving between animal cells

tight junctions

what anchors animal cells together

desmosomes