IB HL Biology (Theme B)

What structure of proteins refers to the sequence of amino acids?

Primary

How are proteins differentiated?

Through their R-Groups

what is the role of carbohydrates

providing energy through glucose

hexose monosaccharides contain

six carbon atoms; are soluble, stable, create respiration for ATP, and vital for photosynthesis. Glucose, fructose, and galactose

what monosaccharides are hexose shaped

glucose, fructose, galactose

how many carbon atoms are in pentose?

five carbon atoms

what monosaccharides are pentose-shaped

deoxyribose and ribose

why is glucose so important for cells?

glucose is vital for cellular solubility, transportability, oxidation, and stability

what are the two anomers of glucose?

alpha and beta glucose

a-glucose contains

one downward carbon in hydroxyl group

b-glucose contains

one upward carbon in hydroxyl group

what do different hydroxyl groups do?

create polymers with different structures

when are disaccharides formed?

formed when two monosaccharides are joined together via condensation reaction

Glucose + Glucose =

Maltose

Glucose + Galactose =

Lactose

Glucose + Fructose =

Sucrose

condensatiion reactions

linkage of two molecules w/covalent bonds release water molecule

hydrolysis reactions

when molecules are broken down into two smaller molecules by adding water molecule and breaking covalent bonds

what are the functions of hydrolysis reactions?

breaking down polymers into monomers

what are anabolic reactions?

reactions which require energy in order to synthesize larger molecules

what are catabolic reactions?

break down larger molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins from ingested food, into their constituent smaller parts

what are polysaccharides?

polymers with many monosaccharide monomers covalently bonded; formed by condensation reactions

what is starch made up of?

starch is made up of amylase and amylopectin

what is amylase

a linear polysaccharide made up of a-glucose molecules

what is amylopectin

a branched polysaccharide that is part of a starch molecule, made up of a-glucose molecules

what differentiates a-glucose from b-glucode

the orientation of the hydroxyl group. a-glucose are building block of starch, b-glucose is building block of cellulose.