hydrolysis

Glycosidic Bond, Phosphodiester Bond

Bond Types in Nucleotides

Glycosidic Bond

Joins the base and sugar in a nucleotide.

Phosphodiester Bond

Joins phosphate and sugar in a nucleotide chain, specifically between carbon 3 of the sugar and the oxygen of the phosphate group. This bond is not affected by changes to the base.

Hydrolysis

Chemical breakdown of nucleotides, affected by pH and temperature, leading to depurination or total breakdown.

Disch Diphenylamine Test

A chemical test used to detect the presence of deoxyribose in DNA.

Fehling's Test

A test for identifying reducing sugars, like certain pentoses, based on the presence of aldehyde or ketone groups.

Bial's Test

A test specifically for pentoses, yielding a distinctive blue or green color if positive.

Purine Bases Test

A test for detecting adenine and guanine, where purine bases react to form a precipitate.

Phosphate Test

A chemical test to detect free phosphate groups in a solution.

Depurination

• pH > 3.

• Breaks glycosidic bonds.

• Products: Purine base and deoxyribose with phosphate.

Total Breakdown

• pH < 2 with heat.

• Breaks glycosidic and phosphodiester bonds.

• Products: Phosphate, purine/pyrimidine base, deoxyribose.

Disch Diphenylamine Test

• Hydrolyzed: Bright blue (positive).

• Unhydrolyzed: Brownish-blue

Fehling’s Test

• Hydrolyzed: Brick-red precipitate (positive).

• Unhydrolyzed: Blue, no precipitate (negative).

Bial’s Test

• Hydrolyzed: Bluish to light green solution (positive).

• Unhydrolyzed: Brown solution (negative).

Purine Bases Test

• Hydrolyzed: Gelatinous white precipitate (positive).

• Unhydrolyzed: Brown solution (negative).

Phosphate Test

• Hydrolyzed: Yellow precipitate (positive).

• Unhydrolyzed: No precipitate (negative)