HUMANBIOLOGY_CHAPTERTWENTYSIX

muscular system

organ system consisting of skeletal muscles whose contractions form the basis of movement and posture

skeletal system

organ system consisting of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons; functions include support, movement, and protection

muscle

organ that powers movements in animals by contracting; consists of muscle tissue and other tissue types

bone

organ consisting of bone tissue, cartilage, and other tissues

marrow cavity

space in a bone shaft that contains marrow

red bone marrow

marrow that gives rise to blood cells and platelets

yellow bone marrow

fatty marrow that does not produce blood cells or platelets

bone tissue

connective tissue consisting of cells embedded in a mineralized matrix

tendon

band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

skeletal muscle

organ that generates voluntary movements between pairs of bones; composed of bundles of skeletal muscle tissue and other tissue types

skeletal muscle tissue

voluntary muscle tissue consisting of long, unbranched, striated cells with multiple nuclei

muscle fiber

muscle cell

myofibril

cylindrical subunit of a muscle fiber, consisting of parallel protein filaments

sarcomere

one of many repeated units in a myofibril of a muscle cell

motor neuron

neuron that transmits a message from the central nervous system toward a muscle or gland

creatine phosphate

molecule stored in muscle fibers; donates its high-energy phosphate to ADP, regenerating ATP

Mobility in vertebrates is made possible by what systems?

skeletal and muscular

In vertebrates, bones of the skeleton not only provide movement and support, but also function to supply ______ to the rest of the body and produce ______ within the bone marrow.

minerals; blood cells

Under the direction of the nervous system, components of the ______ system contracting and pulling against components of the _____ system give vertebrates the ability to move under their own volition.

muscular; skeletal

What organs compose the vertebrate skeleton?

bones

The vertebrate skeleton is composed mostly of what two types of connective tissue?

cartilage; bone

Ligaments are bands of connective tissue that attach _____.

bone to bone

Structures called ______ contain a marrow cavity, blood vessels, nerves, and cells that secrete a hard extracellular matrix consisting of collagen and minerals.

bones

What describes bone tissue?

cells in a hard extracellular matrix

How do hormones from the parathyroid and thyroid glands influence bones?

They control the absorption and release of calcium from bones.

Mobility in vertebrates is made possible by what systems?

skeletal and muscular

The biceps, trapezius, quadriceps, and sartorius are all examples of ______. 

skeletal muscles

Bone and cartilage compose the majority of the vertebrate _____.

skeleton

What are muscle fibers?

individual muscle cells

Connective tissue that attaches one bone to another bone is called a ______. 

ligament

The muscle structure shown in the entire diagram is a single ______.

sarcomere

The bones are a reservoir for the mineral ______ , which is vital for muscle contraction, blood clotting, and other essential functions.

calcium

To stimulate muscles to contract, a ______ delivers a signal at a specialized synapse between the neuron and a muscle cell.

motor neuron

What type of muscles generate voluntary movements?

skeletal

Muscle cells generate ______ through aerobic respiration as long as the demand for oxygen doesn't exceed the supply of oxygen.

ATP

A muscle is an organ composed of parallel bundles of ______, which are individual muscle cells.

muscle fibers

A sprain is an injury to a ______. 

ligament

What is a sarcomere?

the functional units if myofibrils

When the central nervous system sends signals for muscles to contract, the signals are conveyed to muscles by ______.

motor neurons