AP Bio Unit 2.1

eukaryotes

• have internal membranes that create specialized organelles

  • compartmentalization → increases efficiency

Prokaryotes

• no membrane-bound organelles

• have regions with specialized structures & functions

  • ribosomes, DNA, cell membrane, cell wall

compartmentalization increasing efficiency

• minimizes competing enzymatic reactions

• increased membrane surface area for reactions that utilize a membrane

ribosomes

• found in all cells

  • evidence for common ancestry of life

ribosomes function

synthesize protein

ribosomes structure

• ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

• protein

• non-membrane

endomembrane system parts

• nuc env

• ER

• golgi

• lysosomes

• transport vesicles

• plasma membrane

endomembrane system

a group of membrane-bound organelles that work together to modify, package and transport polysaccharides lipids & proteins within the cell

ER function

makes proteins & helps the cell maintain shape

ER structure

a network of tubes extending from the nuclear envelope through the cytoplasm

rough ER

helps transport proteins synthesized at tits membrane - bound ribosomes

smooth ER

detoxes cells & synthesizes lipids

golgi complex functions

• correctly folding & modifying new proteins

• packing proteins for export

golgi complex structure

series of flattened membrane sacs

lysosome functions

• break down waste & other materials

• assist in apoptosis

  • programmed cell death

lysosome structure

membrane-enclosed sac that contains hydrolytic enzymes

vacuole function

• animals → store cellular materials

• plants → store h2o & nutrients & helps maintain turgor pressure

vacuole structure

membrane bound sac

• animals → many small

• plants → 1 large