micro final

what is the study of bacteria

bacteriology

what is the study of viruses

virology

what is the study of fungi

mycology

what is the study of protozoa

protozoology

what is the study of helminths

helminthology

what is the study of algae

phycology

the study of protozoa and helminths is

parasitology

bacteria is _____ celled

single

bacterial has ____ cell walls

rigid

bacteria is Eukaryotic or prokaryotic

prokaryotic

which ribosome do prokaryotes use

70s ribosome

what is the bacteria shape bacillus

rod shaped

what is the bacteria shape coccus

spherical

what is the bacteria shape spirochete

spiral

do prokaryotes contain a nucleus

no

is fungi unicellular or multicellular

both

is fungi prokaryote or eukaryote

eukaryote

what are some examples of fungi

mushrooms, mold, yeast

fungi has ___ cell walls

rigid

are protozoa eukaryote or prokaryote

eukaryote

are protozoa unicellular or multicellular

unicellular

protozoa ______ cell walls

lack

what is the eating, reproducing form of protozoa called

trophozoite

what is the dormant form of protozoa called

cyst

Amoeboid (type of protozoa) use

pseudopodia

flagellate (type of protozoa) use

flagella

ciliate (type of protozoa) uses

cilia

apicomplexa (type of protozoa) uses

non motile sporozoan

helminths are

multicellular worms

are helminths prokaryotes or eukaryotes

eukaryotes

Helminths do not have a

cell wall

what are the two major groups of helminths

platyhelminths and nematodes

platyhelminths are

flatworms

platyhelminths include

trematodes(flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms)

Nematodes are

roundworms

are viruses prokaryote or eukaryote

neither because they do not have cells

viruses are not living organisms making them acellular, meaning

they have no cells

What is the genetic material (genome) of viruses

DNA or RNA

Normal flora

normally present on host and does not harm the host

pathogens

capable of causing diseased

pathogens are caused by

virulent or pathogenic organisms

virulent organism

has strong disease-causing ability

true pathogen

can cause disease in any susceptible host

opportunistic pathogens

need a susceptible host and some other factors

magnification

enlarges image

resolution

ability to distinguish two close objects

magnification and resolution are

dependent on each other

simple staining

only a single stain is used

differential stain

more than one stain/dye is used

gram staining reaction (or ability) depends on

cell wall (peptidoglycan thickness) structure of the microbe

what is the primary regent for gram staining and color of microbe

crystal violet, all purple

what is the mordant regent for gram staining and color of microbe

iodine, all purple

what is the decolorizer regent for gram staining and color of microbe

alcohol, G+ purple G- colorless

what is the counterstain regent for gram staining and color of microbe

safranin, G+ purple G- pink

for gram staining what color is gram positive

purple

for gram staining what color is gram negative

pink

simple stain shows

shape/arrangement

differential stain distinguishes

cell types

Brightfield microscopy

light passes through specimen

Brightfield microscopy advantages

simple, cheap, widely used

Brightfield microscopy disadvantages

low contrast, requires staining

immersion oil

prevents light refraction at high magnification

prokaryotes have what type of DNA

circular

eukaryotes have what type of DNA

Linear

also has histones, nucleus

gram positive cell wall

thick peptidoglycan, teichoic acid

gram negative cell wall

think peptidoglycan, outer membrane with LPS

structure of nucleus in eukaryotes

double membrane, nuclear pores (reg transport in/out)

function of nucleus in eukaryotes

Location of DNA genome

Site of DNA/RNA synthesis

Anabolism

building molecules (requires energy)

catabolism

breaking molecules (releases energy)

Enzyme is a

biological catalyst speeding up reactions

active site

Region where substrate binds and reaction occurs.

allosteric site

Secondary binding site where regulators/inhibitors bind, altering enzyme shape and activity.

glycolysis

glucose → pyruvate, net 2 ATP

Krebs cycle

pyruvate → CO2, NADH/FADH2

Electron transport

NADH/FADH → ATP via proton gradient

PRODUCES MOST ATP

Why is anaerobic respiration needed?

When O₂ is unavailable.

Anaerobic respiration

uses non-O2 electron acceptors like nitrate

When is fermentation used?

When pyruvate cannot enter respiration (no O₂).

What does the cell get in fermentation

Regenerates NAD⁺ for glycolysis; only 2 ATP from glycolysis.

temp of psychrophiles

-10C to 20C

temp for mesophiles

10C - 50C

temp for thermophiles 

40C to 70C

human flora and human pathogens are commonly

mesophiles

most microorganisms grow best in a pH range of about

6.5 - 7.5

some microorganisms can grow at 4 or less pH, what are they called

acidophiles

fungi(molds and yeast) can 

generally tolerate lower pH (4.5 to 6)

alkaliphiles like

high pH

halophiles

can tolerate high salt concentrations

obligate halophiles require

need high salt for growth

obligate halophiles are more common to have

facultative halophiles

facultative halophiles can grow in the

absence or presence of high salt

Obligate aerobes

Oxygen is ABSOLUTELY required for growth; grows at the top

Facultative (choice) anaerobes can grow in the

absence or Prescence of oxygen; grows throught-out

obligate anaerobes 

CANNOT grow in the Prescence of oxygen; grows at the bottom

Aerotolerant anaerobes can grow in the

absence or Prescence of oxygen, but better without

purpose of refrigeration

slows growth of microorganisms, but does not kill them

pure culture

one species only, essential for study

general purpose media

supports broad growth

selective media

inhibits some, allows others