Neuroanatomy + Physiology - Unit Exam 1

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Originally from Olivia_Chandler9 on quizlet

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1
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Why is studying neuroscience necessary?

to be a well-informed clinician, understand intricacies/etiologies

2
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In order to communicate and swallow effectively, we need:

a well-functioning nervous system

3
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Why study disorders "unrelated" to speech and language?

disorders do not exist in a vacuum - poss. etiology for speech related

4
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What are 3 examples of neurological diseases/conditions that may affect our clients?

Parkinson's, Guillain-Barré, TBI

5
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What is the difference between neuroscience and neurology?

Neuroscience = study of, Neurology = clinical application of

6
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A coronal cut divides the brain into

front and back

7
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A horizontal/transverse cut divides the brain into

top and bottom

8
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A sagittal cut divides the brain into

right and left

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From which plane can you NOT view both hemispheres?

sagittal

10
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Directionality of the brain?

DCVR (Don't Cats Vacuum Rarely)

<p>DCVR (Don't Cats Vacuum Rarely)</p>
11
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Directionality of the brainstem?

RDCV (Raging Dogs Cry Vivaciously)

12
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What is the cephalic flexure?

point at which directionality changes between brain and brainstem

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What is a decussation?

crossing over

14
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Afferent fibers are?

sensory

15
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Efferent fibers are?

motor

16
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In efferent fibers, signal travels from brain to?

neuromuscular junction

17
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Gray matter consists of?

neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

18
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White matter consists of?

myelinated fibers (neuronal axons)

19
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Tracts are named from?

start to end

20
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What is gray matter in the CNS?

nuclei

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What is gray matter in the PNS?

ganglia

22
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What is white matter in the CNS?

tracts

23
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What is white matter in the PNS?

nerves

24
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How many layers of cells comprise the neocortex?

six

25
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How many Brodmann's areas are there?

50

26
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Brodmann's areas are divided by?

cytoarchitecture

27
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What are Brodmann's areas used for?

identifying different parts of brain that correspond to different functions

28
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What does it mean that the CNS mediates all bodily communication?

no body part can communicate with another without going through the CNS

29
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CNS is protected by what 3 things?

bony shell, meninges, CSF

30
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What is meant by lower vs. higher segmental levels?

hierarchy of function (and relative location)

31
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What is the lowest segmental level?

spinal cord

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The highest segmental level is the?

cerebral cortex

33
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What is the nonthinking brain responsible for?

autonomic functions

34
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Evolutionarily, what is the most recent segmental level?

cerebral cortex

35
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What are "higher-order" functions?

consciousness, learning, intelligence

36
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All areas of the brain are interconnected via?

white matter tracts

37
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Name 3 major structures of the brain

cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum

38
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The PNS includes?

cranial and spinal nerves

39
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The PNS divides into the?

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

40
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The somatic NS mediates?

skeletal muscle reflexes and volitional movement

41
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the autonomic NS mediates?

involuntary activity

42
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The autonomic NS divides into?

sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

43
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Name 3 functions of the sympathetic NS.

dec. saliva production, inc. heart rate, widen pupils

44
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Name 3 functions of the parasympathetic NS.

inc. saliva production, dec. heart rate, dec. pupil size

45
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What structure connects the brain's hemispheres?

corpus callosum

46
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What is an example of left-brain function?

language

47
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What is an example of right-brain function?

spatial awareness

48
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The WADA tests for?

cerebral dominance

49
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What does it mean that the brain has contralateral sensorimotor control?

left brain initiates right side of body, vice versa

50
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What is neuroplasticity?

the ability of neural connections to form rapidly in response to stimuli

51
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When is the brain most plastic?

early in life

52
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Why is the critical period important?

many important brain connections being formed

53
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What are the 3 primary embryonic vesicles?

rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, prosencephalon

54
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The prosencephalon divides into?

diencephalon and telencephalon

55
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The telencephalon contains?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, lateral ventricles

56
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The diencephalon contains?

hypothalamus, thalamus, 3rd ventricle

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The mesencephalon contains?

midbrain, cerebral aqueduct

58
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The rhombencephalon divides into?

metencephalon and myelencephalon

59
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The metencephalon contains?

pons, cerebellum, 4th ventricle

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The myelencephalon contains?

medulla

61
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The cerebral hemispheres are part of which vesicle?

telencephalon

62
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Ridges of brain are called

gyri

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Valleys of brain are called

sulci

64
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Convoluted surface of cortex allows for?

more space for brain = higher levels of functioning

65
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Hemispheres are separated by?

longitudinal fissure

66
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Longitudinal fissure is also called?

interhemispheric fissure

67
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What are the 4 primary lobes?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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The central sulcus is also called?

fissure of Rolando

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The central sulcus marks the boundary between

frontal and parietal lobes

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What 2 "primary" cortexes are separated by the central sulcus?

primary motor and primary somatosensory

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The primary motor cortex AKA

precentral gyrus

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The primary somatosensory cortex AKA

postcentral gyrus

73
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The lateral fissure AKA

Sylvian fissure

74
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Anteriorly, lateral fissure separates?

frontal and temporal lobe

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Posteriorly, lateral fissure separates?

parietal and temporal lobe

76
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The parieto-occipital sulcus separates?

parietal and occipital lobes

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What is the preoccipital notch?

small indentation demarcating parietal and occipital lobes

78
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What is the largest lobe?

frontal

79
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The precentral gyrus is BA #?

BA 4

80
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The functional representation of body is called?

homunculus

81
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The premotor cortex is BA #?

BA 6

82
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The prefrontal cortex is BAs #s?

BA 8-11

83
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What part of the frontal lobe performs only cognitive functions?

prefrontal cortex

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What are the names of the frontal lobe's 3 horizontal gyri?

superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyrus

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What BAs is the inferior frontal gyrus?

BA 44/45

86
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In dominant hemisphere, inf. frontal gyrus is?

Broca's area

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What does Broca's area control?

motor control for speech and processing of language structure

88
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The postcentral gyrus is located in what lobe?

parietal lobe

89
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The angular and supramarginal gyri are located in what lobe?

parietal

90
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The postcentral gyrus is BAs #s?

BA 1-3

91
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How do we recognize sensations?

parietal sensory association areas

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The occipital lobe contains the?

primary visual cortex

93
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The primary visual cortex is BA #?

BA 17

94
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The association visual cortex is BA #s?

BA 18/19

95
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What is the function of the association visual cortex?

recognize what we see

96
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The temporal lobe contains the primary ______ cortex?

auditory

97
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Heschl's gyrus contains the

primary auditory cortex

98
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The primary auditory cortex is BAs #s?

BA 41/42

99
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What is the function of the auditory association cortex?

Recognize what we hear

100
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The superior temporal gyrus contains

Wernicke's area