Neuroanatomy + Physiology - Unit Exam 1

Originally from Olivia_Chandler9 on quizlet

Why is studying neuroscience necessary?

to be a well-informed clinician, understand intricacies/etiologies

In order to communicate and swallow effectively, we need:

a well-functioning nervous system

Why study disorders "unrelated" to speech and language?

disorders do not exist in a vacuum - poss. etiology for speech related

What are 3 examples of neurological diseases/conditions that may affect our clients?

Parkinson's, Guillain-Barré, TBI

What is the difference between neuroscience and neurology?

Neuroscience = study of, Neurology = clinical application of

A coronal cut divides the brain into

front and back

A horizontal/transverse cut divides the brain into

top and bottom

A sagittal cut divides the brain into

right and left

From which plane can you NOT view both hemispheres?

sagittal

Directionality of the brain?

DCVR (Don't Cats Vacuum Rarely)

Directionality of the brainstem?

RDCV (Raging Dogs Cry Vivaciously)

What is the cephalic flexure?

point at which directionality changes between brain and brainstem

What is a decussation?

crossing over

Afferent fibers are?

sensory

Efferent fibers are?

motor

In efferent fibers, signal travels from brain to?

neuromuscular junction

Gray matter consists of?

neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

White matter consists of?

myelinated fibers (neuronal axons)

Tracts are named from?

start to end

What is gray matter in the CNS?

nuclei

What is gray matter in the PNS?

ganglia

What is white matter in the CNS?

tracts

What is white matter in the PNS?

nerves

How many layers of cells comprise the neocortex?

six

How many Brodmann's areas are there?

50

Brodmann's areas are divided by?

cytoarchitecture

What are Brodmann's areas used for?

identifying different parts of brain that correspond to different functions

What does it mean that the CNS mediates all bodily communication?

no body part can communicate with another without going through the CNS

CNS is protected by what 3 things?

bony shell, meninges, CSF

What is meant by lower vs. higher segmental levels?

hierarchy of function (and relative location)

What is the lowest segmental level?

spinal cord

The highest segmental level is the?

cerebral cortex

What is the nonthinking brain responsible for?

autonomic functions

Evolutionarily, what is the most recent segmental level?

cerebral cortex

What are "higher-order" functions?

consciousness, learning, intelligence

All areas of the brain are interconnected via?

white matter tracts

Name 3 major structures of the brain

cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum

The PNS includes?

cranial and spinal nerves

The PNS divides into the?

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

The somatic NS mediates?

skeletal muscle reflexes and volitional movement

the autonomic NS mediates?

involuntary activity

The autonomic NS divides into?

sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

Name 3 functions of the sympathetic NS.

dec. saliva production, inc. heart rate, widen pupils

Name 3 functions of the parasympathetic NS.

inc. saliva production, dec. heart rate, dec. pupil size

What structure connects the brain's hemispheres?

corpus callosum

What is an example of left-brain function?

language

What is an example of right-brain function?

spatial awareness

The WADA tests for?

cerebral dominance

What does it mean that the brain has contralateral sensorimotor control?

left brain initiates right side of body, vice versa

What is neuroplasticity?

the ability of neural connections to form rapidly in response to stimuli

When is the brain most plastic?

early in life

Why is the critical period important?

many important brain connections being formed

What are the 3 primary embryonic vesicles?

rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, prosencephalon

The prosencephalon divides into?

diencephalon and telencephalon

The telencephalon contains?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, lateral ventricles

The diencephalon contains?

hypothalamus, thalamus, 3rd ventricle

The mesencephalon contains?

midbrain, cerebral aqueduct

The rhombencephalon divides into?

metencephalon and myelencephalon

The metencephalon contains?

pons, cerebellum, 4th ventricle

The myelencephalon contains?

medulla

The cerebral hemispheres are part of which vesicle?

telencephalon

Ridges of brain are called

gyri

Valleys of brain are called

sulci

Convoluted surface of cortex allows for?

more space for brain = higher levels of functioning

Hemispheres are separated by?

longitudinal fissure

Longitudinal fissure is also called?

interhemispheric fissure

What are the 4 primary lobes?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

The central sulcus is also called?

fissure of Rolando

The central sulcus marks the boundary between

frontal and parietal lobes

What 2 "primary" cortexes are separated by the central sulcus?

primary motor and primary somatosensory

The primary motor cortex AKA

precentral gyrus

The primary somatosensory cortex AKA

postcentral gyrus

The lateral fissure AKA

Sylvian fissure

Anteriorly, lateral fissure separates?

frontal and temporal lobe

Posteriorly, lateral fissure separates?

parietal and temporal lobe

The parieto-occipital sulcus separates?

parietal and occipital lobes

What is the preoccipital notch?

small indentation demarcating parietal and occipital lobes

What is the largest lobe?

frontal

The precentral gyrus is BA #?

BA 4

The functional representation of body is called?

homunculus

The premotor cortex is BA #?

BA 6

The prefrontal cortex is BAs #s?

BA 8-11

What part of the frontal lobe performs only cognitive functions?

prefrontal cortex

What are the names of the frontal lobe's 3 horizontal gyri?

superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyrus

What BAs is the inferior frontal gyrus?

BA 44/45

In dominant hemisphere, inf. frontal gyrus is?

Broca's area

What does Broca's area control?

motor control for speech and processing of language structure

The postcentral gyrus is located in what lobe?

parietal lobe

The angular and supramarginal gyri are located in what lobe?

parietal

The postcentral gyrus is BAs #s?

BA 1-3

How do we recognize sensations?

parietal sensory association areas

The occipital lobe contains the?

primary visual cortex

The primary visual cortex is BA #?

BA 17

The association visual cortex is BA #s?

BA 18/19

What is the function of the association visual cortex?

recognize what we see

The temporal lobe contains the primary ______ cortex?

auditory

Heschl's gyrus contains the

primary auditory cortex

The primary auditory cortex is BAs #s?

BA 41/42

What is the function of the auditory association cortex?

Recognize what we hear

The superior temporal gyrus contains

Wernicke's area