Immunology Exam 1 Summary 1

Define Immunology

the study of the function of the immune system

3 branches of the immune system

nonspecific immunity, humoral immunity, cellular immunity

Eli Metchnikoff

Discovers phagocytes from starfish

Charles Blackley

First to document allergies

Charles Richet

Described the deadly consequences of allergens, coined the term anaphylaxis

Karl Prausnitz and H. Kustner

Found that allergies could be transferred from one person to another via serum antibodies

What is the allergic antibody/immunoglobulin formally called?

Ir genes

Phillip Gell and Robert Coombs

Discovered there were 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions

Sir Peter Medawar

Skin Grafting (Father of transplantation)

Susumu Tonegawa

GOD- describes the generation of antibody diversity and shows genes can rearrange

Jerry T Thornthwaite

Discovered NK cells

Joseph E. Murray and E. Downall Thomas

Kidney Transplantation

Cesar Milstein

Monoclonal antibodies

Jules Bordet

Complement

Frank Kendall Smith

Interleukin 2

Serotherapy

the use of antibodies of a disease to treat those who actively have the disease

Alexine aka Complement

offers defense against pathogens and helps with host homeostasis

Phagocytosis

the cellular process that ingests and eliminates large particles within the body

Histocompatibility antigen

antigens that can determine the compatibility or incompatibility of tissues

Plasma cell

white blood cells that secrete antibodies after exposure to specific antigens

What does PRR stand for?

Pattern Recognition Receptors

Why is PRR useful?

target a foreign microbe by clustering around them, activate complement, initiate apoptosis, change exterior and interior of the foreign cell

What does MBL stand for?

Mannan Binding Lectin

What secretes MBL?

liver

What is MBL capable of doing?

Directly neutralize influenza A virus, resulting in the removal of the microbe by lysis or phagocytosis

What disease can be controlled by MBL monitoring?

Rheumatoid Arthritis

What type of cell resembles a lymphocyte, but stains with an anti-NKG2D antibody?

A natural killer cell

What is the role of a NK cell?

NK cells help in resistance to specific fungal, bacterial, and parasitic infection

What are NKG2D similar to?

MHC (major histocompatibility antigens)

Which lectin does it resemble?

resembles mannose-binding lectin

Where in the immune system would these NK cells not be found?

the lymph node

Opsonization

the process in which a coat is formed over a microbe which makes it more susceptible to being targeted for removal by phagocytosis

Selectin

cell adhesion molecules that help white blood cells bind to endothelial cells and platelets

CD14

a lipopolysaccharide receptor present in the membrane of gram negative bacteria

IL-8

this interleukin can act as an activation factor and local chemotactic for neutrophils

Diapedesis

the increased ability to squeeze through a vessel wall

Types of Acute Inflammation

Suppurative, Fibrous, Serous Inflammation

What is suppurative inflammation?

Bacterially-mediated and resulting in formation of necrotic tissue and pus

What is fibrous inflammation?

associated with membrane-lined cativites and characterized by secretions containing large amounts of sticky proteins

What is serous inflammation?

skin in response to a burn and associated with accumulation of thin, protein, and cell-free fluid

What two immune system organs alter with age?

thymus and spleen

What does the spleen do?

Protect the body from blood-borne microbes

How to lymphocytes enter a lymph node? Exit?

enter via blood vessels, exit via lymphatics

What kind of lymphatics does the thymus have?

efferent

What kind of lymphatics do lymph nodes have?

afferent and efferent

Where are lymphocytes in a lymph node?

superficial cortex, paracortex

Where are t-helper cells in a lymph node?

superficial cortex, paracortex

Where are T-cytotoxic cells in a lymph node?

paracortex

Where are plasma cells in a lymph node?

paracortex, medulla

Where are memory B cells in a lymph node?

paracortex, medulla

Define antigen

an antibody generator

Define immunogen

an antigen that does not induce immunological tolerance but instead can induce humoral or cell-mediated responses

Define epitope

a site within an antigen that the immune system reacts with

Define paratope

the part of an antibody that reacts with the epitope

Define adjuvants

without altering a substance’s chemical composition, it enhances a substances immunogenicity

What is another name for histocompatibility antigens?

HLA transplantation antigen

What codes for histocompatibility antigens?

the genes of the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 (MHC)

Define autologous

same individual

Define syngeneic

identical twins

Define allogeneic/homogeneic

genetically dissimilar members of the same species

Define xenogeneic

different species

Define heterogeneic

widely separated over evolution

What kind of antigen can lead to sympathetic uveitis?

a sequestered or hidden antigen

What is an example of a hapten reaction?

allergies

How many HLA groups are there?

7

What are the 7 HLA groups?

A, B, C, DR, DQ, DP, DO

Why are lipids poor immunogens?

They aren’t big

What kind of protection is the skin?

physical barrier

What kind of protection is the oral cavity?

flowing saliva, epithelial cells, mucous layer

What kind of protection is in the respiratory system?

nose hairs, mucous secretions, moving cilia, sneezing, coughing

What kind of protection is in the gastrointestinal system?

low stomach pH, peristalsis, vomiting

What kind of protection is in the eyes?

Lysozyme in tears, flushing tears

What kind of protection is in the genitourinary system?

pH of vagina and urine, flushing of urine

What are other protective actions of the body?

body temperature and oxygen retention

What are the secretory products of the skin?

organic and fatty acids

What is the secretory product of saliva, tears, and nasal secretions?

lysozyme

What is the secretory product of platelet granules?

beta lysin

What is the secretory product of the mucosal surfaces?

mucus

What is the secretory product of the stomach?

HCl

What are the secretory products of the small intestine?

bile acid, trypsin, cryptidins

What is the secretory product of seminal fluid?

spermine

What are the steps of the inflammatory response?

What are PAMPs?

What are DAMPs?

What do PRR recognize?

PAMPs

What is a specific type of PRR?

What CRP do?

What does ANA773 used for?

What isatoribine used for?

What is IMO used for?

What does the outcome of acute inflammation depend on?

What makes up an abscess?

What are the 3 types of scars?

fibrous scar, keloid, glial scar

What protein makes up the scar?

collagen

Where do glial scars occur?

CNS tissues

What occurs during gliosis?

astrocytes are activated and proliferate to fill space left by neuronal death

Where are lymphoid processing tissues?

lymph nodes, spleen

Where do the production and maturation of lymphoid cells occur?

bone marrow, thymus

What is produced in the bone marrow?

all blood cells, B cells

What is produced in the thymus?

T cells (cytotoxic and delayed hypersensitivity)