MCSP Test#1 (Unit 1+2)

Binary decoding patterns

Memory state

whitelist

is a generic name for a list of email address or IP addresses that are considered to be spam free.

variable

can be used to represent any number and is therefore more general and more abstract than a constant, such as the symbol 'X'.

User Events

Actions by the user such as button clicks.

UI Components

Parts of the user interface such as Buttons, Labels, etc.

transistor

a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. Transistors are the fundamental building blocks of electronic devices.

invented the World Wide Web (WWW).

Tim Berners-Lee

TCP / IP

the suite a protocols that determine the behavior of the Internet

special purpose computer

has a fixed program (e.g. a simple calculator, a digital watch, a car's anti-lock braking system).

software

consists of the programs that control the computer.

social network

a social structure made of nodes that are generally individuals or organizations. A social network represents relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, animals, computers, or other information/knowledge processing entities.

sequence

control structure is the application of each step of an algorithm in the order in which the statements are given.

selection

control structure uses a true or false condition to determine which of two parts of an algorithm is used.

repetition

control structure is the repetition of an algorithm for a specified number of times or until a true/false condition is met.

RAM

stores the computer's programs and data temporarily while power is on.

pseudocode

a notation for expressing algorithms, which is more precise that ordinary English but less formal than a programming language.

program

a sequence of instructions that controls the computer.

Processor

a shorthand way of referring to a microprocessor or CPU.

procedural abstraction

in computer science is the practice of organizing and encapsulating algorithms in named procedures that can then be invoked by name. An example would be the 'sqrt(x)', square root of x, which encapsulates the algorithm for calculating the square root of x.

positional number system

such as our decimal system, the value of a digit in a number depends on its place. For example, in the decimal number 545, the leftmost '5' represents 500 because it occurs in the hundreds place, but the rightmost '5' represents 5 because it occurs in the ones place.

overflow error

an error that occurs when the computer attempts to handle a number that is outside of the defined range of values can be represented

Output

data sent back from the program to the device and can be tactile, audible, visual, or text.

open standard

a standard (such as TCP, HTTP) that is not owned or controlled by a private entity. It stands in contrast to 'proprietary' materials', which are owned or controlled by a private entity. Open Standards fuel the growth of the Internet!

octal number system

a base-8 system, consisting of the symbols 0 through 7.

NOT gate

a circuit with one input and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) when its input is FALSE (or OFF) and vice versa.

network

a group of two or more computer systems linked together.

Motherboard

houses the computer's main electronic components.

Moore's Law

the projection that the number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits will roughly double every year since the integrated circuit was invented.

machine language

a programming language that is directly readable by the computer's CPU.

logic gate

an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Examples would be AND, OR, and NOT gates that perform basic digital operations.

iteration

another term for 'repetition'

interpretation

The process of translating source code into machine language one instruction at a time and immediately executing instruction.

intellectual property

refers to any property that is created using original thought. Traditional intellectual property include patents, copyrights, and trademarks.

Input

data sent to a computer for processing by a program and can be tactile, audible, visual, or text

If / Else

Selection or conditional algorithm that allows a program to choose between different actions.

IETF

develops and oversees open standards such as HTTP (www) and SMTP (mail).

IDE

software that provides comprehensive tools for programming such as UI design, code editing, and a way to interpret and run the program.

HTTP

the protocol that controls the behavior of the WWW.

hardware

includes its electronic and mechanical components that carries out the instructions of a computer program.

general purpose computer

can run many different programs (e.g. a smartphone).

flowchart

a visual (i.e. graphical) notation for expressing algorithms.

Flip flop

a digital circuit that has two states, ON or OFF, that can be used to store a 1 or a 0. It is the fundamental unit of computer memory.

Event-driven Programming

the program is activated by events such as button clicks.

Event Handler

A block of code that reacts to an event like a button click.

disk drive

a randomly addressable and rewritable storage device.

decimal number system

a base-10 system that we use every day, consisting of the symbols 0 through 9.

Data network

a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data.

Data Center

a physical or virtual infrastructures used by enterprises to house computer, server and networking systems and components for the company's IT (information technology) needs.

Data abstraction

the practice of organizing and encapsulating certain data into a more general representation. An example would be storing the text 'hello' in a single variable rather than having numerous occurrences of 'hello' in a program.

Data

the distinct information that is formatted in a special way. Exists in a variety of forms, like text on paper or bytes stored in electronic memory.

Cyberspace

a metaphor for describing the non-physical terrain created by computer systems.

Control structure

a block of programming statements that controls the flow or behavior of an algorithm.

Constant

such as the numeral '5', is an abstraction that represents a single thing, e.g., the value 5.

Computing Innovation

includes a program as an integral part of its function. Can be physical, non-physical computing software, or non-physical computing concepts. For example, self-driving cars, picture editing software, e-commerce, a mobile app

Computer

A machine that processes info under the control of a program

Compilation

The process of translating the entire source code into a single binary file.

Chip

an informal way of describing an integrated circuit (IC) consisting of millions of tiny circuits.

Character

Any symbol that requires one byte of storage

Byte

A group of eight binary digits or bits.

Browser

a program that displays web pages and is used to navigate the WWW.

Boolean

Condition is a true/false condition. It is named after George Boole (1815-1864) an English mathematician.

Blacklist

In internet terminology, a blacklist is a generic term for a list of email addresses or IP addresses for organizations that known to be spammers.

Base

the number of distinct digits or symbols used to represent numbers in that system. Our decimal system is base-10 because it uses 10 digits, 0 through 9.

AP 2021 Sample Question: Each student that enrolls at a school is assigned a unique ID number, which is stored as a binary number. The ID numbers increase sequentially by 1 with each newly enrolled student. If the ID number assigned to the last student who enrolled was the binary number 1001 0011, what binary number will be assigned to the next student who enrolls?

A. 1001 0111
B. 1101 0100
C. 1001 0100
D. 1101 0111

C

And truth table + definition

a circuit with two inputs and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) only when both of its inputs are TRUE (or ON).

Input 1	Input 2	Output
F	F	F
F	T	F
T	F	F
T	T	T

Which of the following are true statements about a computer’s main memory?

A. Any data stored in main memory disappears when the computer loses power.
B. It is called RAM, short for random access memory.
C. It is the same as long-term memory.
D. It stores data.

ABD

OR truth table

Input 1	Input 2	Output
F	F	F
F	T	T
T	F	T
T	T	T

Cloud computing advantages

• Cost reduction

• Reliability

• Improved collaboration

• Easy accessibility and availability

Internet vs WWW

WWW: An application on the internet that runs things like videos, images, documents, etc.

Internet: Huge global network underneath that application which basically connected different networks together by different hardware devices (that’s why it’s called the network of networks)

How to convert base 10 to 2

Step 1: Write out the placement lines (_ )

Step 2: Multiply by 2 with each placement line (etc. 16 8 4 2 1)

Step 3: Subtract your number with the biggest number from the lineup

Binary and hex number systems

Binary is base 2 and Hex is base 16

Abstraction

Simple presentation of person or place of something ( Specific example-general concept )

Pseudocode

Not executable, but human can read it, looks like code but isn’t

Flow of control

Determines order of statements to be executed

Algorithms + 3 basic control structures

• Precise set of instructions to complete a task

• Not every problem can be solved with an algorithm

• All algorithms can be written using the three basic control structures: sequence/selection/repetition(be able to define and give an example) 

  • Sequence - order of instruction that can be done by a computer to make a program work

  • Selection- conditionals (if/else)

  • Repetition- Looping of algorithms.

High level languages vs low level languages

Low level - binary; 1’s and 0’s

High level - computer language like HTML, CSS, etc, ( Human Understand)

CPU

CPU- Central Processing Unit, brain of computer that carries out instructions

Main Memory

Main memory- Data and instructions are stored in the main memory

Special purpose computer

Special purpose computer- designed for just one function

• Calculator, air pod, etc.

 General purpose computer

General purpose computer- you can do any software application

• Phone, iPad, etc.

Hardware vs Software

Hardware - a computer that's physical

• monitors, keyboards, microchips and hard drive, desktop 

Software- programs on the computer

• Apps

App Inventor

Cloud based IDE / programming language for creating android mobile apps

Purpose of Designer side + examples

User interface / components 

• Example :  Label is a component      Label.FontSize (FontSize is a property of Label) properties of components (only ones we have used so far)

Purpose of Block side + examples

If then blocks, etc

What are the precise steps of this code

1. When the user clicks the MLK button  the player with source for Malcolm’s speech is paused

2. then   the code checks to see if the player with source for MLK’s speech is   currently playing

3.  If it is playing -  it is paused

4.    If it is not playing  - it is started

What is an event driven program + where in A In

Program designed to run blocks of code for a specific event to happen

• Block section in App Inventor

What is an event handler + example

The specific event is happened due to the set of programs designed. 

• Ex: Blocks from MIT APP