of any variable per unit area (# of people per square mile)
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Robinson Projection
a map projection that attempts to minimize several typical projection error such as shape, size, direction, or distance. used by NatGeo until 1998
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Winkel Tripel Projection
a map projection that minimizes distortion in size, direction, and distance, but the lines of latitude are slightly curved, a nonparallel line
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Mercator Projection
great spatial device for sea navigation that accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of places especially near poles
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Peter's Projection
a map projection that focuses on finding the true area/size of land masses, but distorts shape
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Goodes Interrupted Projection
a map projection, the shapes and sizes of landmasses accurately by cutting through the oceans
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cartogram
a map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to represent the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena in that area
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centrality
a place where the location is between major points of influence
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concentration
spread of something of a given area: clustered or dispersed
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changing scale
the ability to gain new information by making observations locally, regionally, or globally
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independent invention
the concept that a trait was invented in different hearths without diffusion
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fieldwork
the work of a researcher collecting data and making observations in the natural environment about people, cultures, and nature
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location
the position of something on the earth's surface
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absolute location
exact location of a place on meridians and parallels
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relative location
spots described in relation to other physical or human characteristics; implies spatial relationships and usually the relative advantages or disadvantages of a location in comparison to other locations
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map scale
the relationship between the size of an object or distance between objects on a map and the size of the actual object or distance on the earth's surface
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pattern
the arrangement of objects on earth's surface in relationship to one another (linear, centralized, random)
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region
an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
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landscapes
the overall appearance of an area that is shaped by both human and natural influences
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Contagious diffusion
A form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected.
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cultural landscape
A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation. (defined by Carl Sauer as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group) [Cultural Attributes]
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Environmental Determinism
A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions.
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Expansion Diffusion
The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination. Three types: contagious, hierarchical, stimulus
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formal region
(or uniform or homogeneous region) an area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
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Functional/nodal region
Area organized around a node or focal point. The characteristic chosen to define a functional region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in importance outward. This region is tied to the central point by transportation or communication systems or by economic or functional associations.
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Geographic Information System (GIS)
A collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed to the user. (remote sensing)
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Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
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Hierarchical diffusion
A form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples
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Human Geography
How people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our localities and other regions, and the world
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Isoline
a thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value
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longitude
lines running N/S that MEASURE E/W
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also called meridians
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latitude
lines running E/W that MEASURE N/S
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also called parallels
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mental map
An internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface based on what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where places are located. aka cognitive map
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perceptual/vernacular map
how people think about or percieve a region (ex. "the middle east")
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periphery regions
regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of productivity
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possibilism
The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
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relocation diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another. Example: Christianity and/or English spread through missionaries
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sense of place
Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place
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sequent occupance
The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape
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site
the actual location of a settlement on the earth and is composed of the physical characteristics of the landscape specific to the area
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situation
the location of a place relative to its surroundings and other places. Factors included in an area's situation include the accessibility of the location, the extent of a place's connections with another, and how close an area may be to raw materials if they are not located specifically on the site
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space time compression
the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
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distance decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
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spatial
How places and phenomena are laid out, organized, and arranged on Earth; how they appear on the landscape. Used by human and physical geographers
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spatial interaction
the movement of people, goods and ideas within and across geographic space
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spatial perspective
An intellectual framework that looks at the locations of specific phenomena, how and why that phenomena is , and, finally, how it is spatially related to phenomena in other place
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stimulus diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected. Example: McDonalds to India but changing the hamburger to a veggie burger
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thematic maps
Maps that tell stories, typically showing the degree of some attribute of the movement of a geographic phenomenon.
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physical attributes
natural landscape
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cultural attributes
cultural landscape
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built landscape
the part of the physical landscape that represents material culture, the buildings, rods, bridges and similar structures large and small
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accessibility
the opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations
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connectivity
The directness of routes linking pairs of places; an indication of the degree of internal connection in a transport network
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network
the areal pattern of sets of places and the routes (links) connecting them along which movement can take place.
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friction of distance
the measure of the restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction; the greater the distance, the greater the friction and less the interaction or exchange, or the greater the cost of achieving the exchange
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diffusion
the process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another
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hearth
the region from which innovative ideas origionate
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distribution
the spatial arrangement of something across the surface of the earth/within an area
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arithmetic density
the total number of people divided by the total land area
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physiological density
the number of people per unit of area of arable land (land suitable for agriculture)
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regionalism
a group's perceived identification with a particular region at any scale
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core regions
regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies and have high levels of productivity within diversified economies
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map
a 2 dimensional or flat representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it
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distortion
the result of adapting a representation in order to change from a 3 dimensional image to a 2 dimensional image (shape, size(area), distance, direction)
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projection
the system used to transfer locations into 2 dimensions
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equator
an imaginary east west line that encircles the globe halfway between the North and South poles
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meridian
line of longitude
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Prime Meridian
an imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich England, serving by agreement as the 0 degree line of longitude
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International Date Line
a line of longitude that for the most part follows 180 degrees, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross it heading east, the clock moves back 24 hours and when you cross it going west, the calendar moves ahead one day.
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dot map
a thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable
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chloropleth
a thematic map in which ranked classed of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones
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proportional symbol map
a thematic map in which the size of a symbol varies in proportion to the frequency or intensity of the mapped variable.
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time zone
a geographic region within which the same standard time is used.
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remote sensing
the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long distance methods
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model
a simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify causal relationships, used to demonstrate theory or observation
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survey pattern
pattern of original land survey in an area
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5 themes of geography
location, region, place, movement, and human and environmental interaction
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what's the difference in place and location?
location describes where it is while place describes what it's like
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acculturation
dominant culture forces traits on subjected peoples, but takes on some traits of weaker culture
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assimilation
distinct cultures become indistinct
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cultural barriers
cultural traits, beliefs, attitudes, etc that pose as obstacles to cultural diffusion
the average number of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels
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infant mortality rate
The annual number of deaths or infants under one year of age, compared to the number of live births
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natural increase rate
the percentage by which a population grows in a year
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crude birth rate
the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
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azimuthal map
a map projection of the surface of the earth so centered at any given point that a straight line radiating from the center to any other point represents the shortest distance and can be measured to scale
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gnomic projection
planar projection that shows shortest route between any two points
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Eratosthenes
first to use term "geography"
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5 ways a place can receive a name
after a person religious ancient history features of physical environment origin of settlers
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Carl Sauer
defined cultural landscape as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group
Studied by 1 person
