Exam 2 review

Endosymbiotic theory accounts for the origin of which component of a eukaryotic cell?

Mitocondria

ccording to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

From engulfed, originally free - living bacteria

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium?

Chloroplast

If all mosquitoes were replaced with strains that were resistant to infection by the apicomplexan Plasmodium, what would most likely be eradicated in humans?

Malaria

You are most likely infected with organisms belonging to which clade?

Excavata

Green algae differ from land plants in that some green algae...

Are unicellular

All protists are...

Eukaryotic

Which clade best fits this description? Phytoplankton with a cellulose shell and two flagella; blooms may lead to red tide, and some glow in the dark.

Dinoflagellates

Your biology professor is throwing a party, and only opisthokonts are invited. The guest list would surely include...

Fungi

Which Eukaryote clade contains red algae, green algae, and all land plants?

Archeplastida

Fungi are made of bundles of threadlike...

Hyphae

Fungi grow in association with the roots of eucalyptus, providing the plants with more water. This is an example of a ____

Mutualistic

The honey mushroom fungus penetrates tree roots and slowly consumes each one from the inside out. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

Parasitic

How do fungi reproduce sexually?

By the fusino of hyphae from two different fungi

An unknown organism can be excluded from classification among the fungi if it...

Has chlorophyll and cell walls made of cellulose

Lichens obtain organic carbon

By photosynthesis

Black stem rust fungus drawing nutrition from and damaging a wheat plant is...

Parasitic

An obligate partnership between a fungal species and an algal species is called...

Lichen

The tall ferns that we typically see in the tropics and temperate woodlands are the...

Sporophytes

In land plants (and some algae), the sporophyte and gametophyte exhibit different levels of ploidy. Sporophytes are...

Diploid; gametophytes are haploid

Nonvascular plants (including moss) require liquid water for fertilization because...

Eggs are fertilized by a flagellated sperm that swims to the egg

How does a plant's cuticle allow it to live on land?

By preventing water loss

Which of the following structures is not found in bryophytes?

Seeds

As you stroll through a moist forest, you are most likely to see a...

Gametophyte of a moss

While mosses can cover a significant area of land, they are never more than a few centimeters tall because...

They have no vascular system, so they cannot transport water over long distances.

A trend seen throughout the evolution of land plants is for the sporophyte generation to become ___ and the gametophyte generation to become ___ and more dependent on the sporophyte.

Larger; smaller

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably...

Green algae

Alternation of generations describes which of the following

Both the haploid and diploid forms can be multicellular

How does a plant get the carbon it needs to make glucose?

From the air

What is a fruit?

A mature ovary

Which is the most recent plant adaptation to have evolved?

Flowers

Unlike almost all ferns, seed plants...

Produce two kinds of spores (i.e., are heterosporous)

What advantage do seeds provide a plant?

Plants with seeds are not dependent on water for reproduction

Which statement most accurately describes the relationship between animals and pollination?

Many plants and their pollinators have coevolved, forming elaborately specialized mutualisms with one another

The seeds in angiosperms are...

Enclosed in the ovary

The evolution of ___ was most advantageous to land plant reproduction because it eliminated the dependence on liquid water.

Pollen

Which of the following is classified as a gymnosperm?

Ginkgos

Poison ivy is a eudicot, and wheat is a monocot. Both of these groups are...

Angiosperms

Spores and seeds have basically the same function—dispersal—but are vastly different because spores...

• Are unicellular; seeds are not

Why do pine trees have two different types of cones?

One type produces ovules, the other type produces pollen

Which land plant clade has the greatest number of species?

Angiosperms

The last common ancestor of fungi and animals was most likely a...

Single - celled eukaryote

Which statement concerning animal ancestry is accurate?

Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is the characteristic of having...

True tissues or no tissues

What defines radial symmetry?

Any plane of symmetry passing through the center of the organism splits it into equal halves

The body cavity of coelomate animals develops within the...

Mesoderm

What do sponges and cnidarians have in common?

Multicellularity

How many of the animal phyla include unicellular animals?

0

A radially symmetrical, sessile animal that possesses some sort of straining device would most likely be a(n)...

Filter feeder

Which is a shared derived character of animals belonging to the bilaterian clade?

Three embryonic germ layers

What happened during the Cambrian explosion?

Marine animals diversified at the phylum level

Coordinated movement in animals is achieved because of...

A central nervous system

Which is NOT a feature common to most animals?

Asexual reproduction

Which best describes sponges?

They are asymmetrical, lack tissues, and do not move

All animals have true tissues.

False

Animals that undergo radical changes between larval and adult stages undergo...

Complete metamorphosis

Nematodes and arthropods both...

Are ecdysozoans

What do horseshoe crabs have in common with true crabs?

They both shed their exoskeleton each time they grow into a larger life stage

Tapeworms belong to which phylum?

Platyhelminthes

All protostomes have three embryonic germ layers.

True

Serial repetition of segments is a defining characteristic of which worm phylum?

Segmented worms (Annelida)

Which is NOT a key advantage provided by the exoskeleton of terrestrial arthropods?

It grows with the arthropod throughout its life

Heartworms that infect dogs belong to which phylum?

Roundworms

All ecdysozoans are protostomes.

True

he echinoderms are most closely related to the...

Chordates

Which group has a water vascular system connected to tube feet?

Echinoderms

An organism with a head, sensory equipment, and a brain probably also...

Is bilaterally symmetrical

What do all deuterostomes have in common?

The pore (blastopore) formed during gastrulation becomes the anus

Which phylum includes leeches?

Segmented worms (Annelida)

Myriapods belong to which phylum?

Arthropoda

What do fungi and arthropods have in common?

Both groups use the polysaccharide chitin for support

What characteristic do plants, algae, and some bacteria have in common that is not shared with fungi or animals?

They are photosynthetic

The fact that amoebas are polyphyletic demonstrates that...

Movement by pseudopodia evolved multiple times in evolutionary history

The adaptive advantage of the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to...

An extensive surface well suited for absorptive nutrition

Soft-shell crab is a prized dish because the crab's shell is soft. Why are the crabs' shells soft?

The crab has just molted and the new exoskeleton has not yet hardened.

Match each organism with the most appropriate key adaptation(s):

Shelf fungus

Amobas

Jelies, anemones, and hydras

Land plants

Sea sponges

Shelf fungus - Exoenzymes for digestion

Amobas - Pseudopodia for locomotion and phagocytosis

Jelies, anemones, and hydras - Cnidocytes with a toxin to sting prey

Land plants - Sporophyte and gametophyte life stages

Sea sponges - Collar cells (choanocytes) with flagella to move food particles

Match each organism with the most appropriate key adaptations:

Kelp

Snail

Clam

Spider

Lobster

Kelp - Holdfast, stipe, blades (or fronds), pneumatocyst air sacs

Snail - Mantle cavity, radula, foot

Clam - Incurrent siphon, excurrent siphon, adductor & abductor muscles

Spider - Exoskeleton, segmentation, chelicerae

Lobster - Exoskeleton, segmentation, antennae

Which statement is true?

• Viruses have a single evolutionary origin.

• Viruses replicate outside of a host cell.

• Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope

• Viruses are not cellular organisms.

Viruses are not cellular organisms

Human diseases can be caused by...

All types of viruses

Prions such as the infectious agent that causes "mad cow" disease are composed of...

Proteins

Which is NOT a potential strategy to combat a human virus such as SARS-CoV-2?

Phage therapy

In general, what is the primary ecological role of prokaryotes?

Breaking down organic matter

What is a primary goal associated with bioremediation?

To clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria

An organism that obtains both carbon and energy by ingesting other organisms is a...

Heterotroph

Which of the following is an important source of endotoxin in gram-negative species?

Cell wall