ANT203: Appendicular and Axial Skeleton (Week Eight and Nine Lecture Content)

Mineralized tissue in bones

Hydroxyapatite

Function of osteogenic cells

Generation of stem cells

Function of osteoblast

Formation of bone

Function of osteocyte

Regulation of bone remodelling

Function of osteoclast

Reabsorption of bone as calcium

Structure of lamellar bone (4)

Cortical bone: dense, outer layer

• Periosteum: vascular, outer layer of bone

• Medullary cavity: vascular, outer layer of bone

Trabecular bone: spongy, inner layer

Structure of bone marrow (2)

Periosteum: vascular, outer layer of bone

Medullary cavity: vascular, outer layer of bone

Three anatomical planes of reference

Sagittarius plane, transverse plane, frontal plane

Terminology used to describe orientation in the sagittal plane (2)

Lateral: distal to the ventromedial line

Medial: proximal to the ventromedial line

Terminology used to describe the coronal (i.e., frontal) plane (4)

Posterior: behind

Anterior: front

Dorsal: back

Ventral: abdominal

Six primary types of bones with example

1. Long bone: femur

2. Short bone: carpal

3. Flat bones: frontal

4. Irregular bone: vertebrae

5. Sesamoid bone: patella

6. Sutural bone: skull

Function of joints

Connect bone to bone

Cartilage in body from most flexible to least flex is with examples

Elastic cartilage: ear

Hyaline cartilage: nose

Fibro-cartilage: knee

Characteristic mobility of fibrous joint with examples (2)

Non-mobile: sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis

Characteristic mobility of cartilaginous joints (2)

Slight mobile: pubic symphysis, synchondrosis

Characteristic mobility of synovial joints with examples (1)

High mobile; joint capsule

Function of tendons

Connect bone to muscle

Function of ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Identify the orbits

Identify the nasal aperture

Identify the mental eminence

Number of bones in the cranium with the distribution of pair and unpair bones

28 bones, 22 paired bones with 6 unpaired bones

Identify the front superciliary arch

Located on the frontal bone of the cranium

Identify the temporal lines

Located on the parietal bone of the cranium

Identify the external acoustic meatus

Located on the temporal bone of the cranium

Identify the mastoid process

Identify the auditory ossicles

Located in the middle ear

Identify the foramen magnum

Located in the occipital bone of the cranium

Identify the occipital condyle

Located in the occipital bone of the cranium

Identify the zygomatic process

Identify the mandibular condyle

Located on the mandible

Identify the gonial angle

Located on the mandible

Definition of mastication

Mechanical process of breaking down food items using teeth

Definition of paramasticiation

Mechanical process of breaking down non-food using teeth

Number of incisors located on one half of the mandible

2

Number of canines located on one half of the mandible

1

Number of premolars located on one half of the mandible

2

Number of molars located on one half of the mandible

3

Dental formula for humans

2.1.2.3

Definition of deciduous teeth

Baby teeth

Definition of permanent teeth

Adult teeth

Identify the following structures on the tooth: enamel, dentin, pulp cavity, gomphosis, and apex,

Function of the hyoid bone

Articulated with muscles involved in vocalization and swallowing

Identify the vertebral body

Identify the vertebral foramen

Identify the spinous process

Identify the cervical vertebrae

Number of cervical vertebrae

7

Identify the thoracic vertebrae

Heart-shaped, protrusions present to articulate with ribs

Number of thoracic vertebrae

12

Identify the lumbar vertebrae

Number of lumbar vertebrae

5

Identify the atlas cervical vertebrae

Function of the atlas cervical vertebrae

C1, articulated with the cranium enabling head movements (i.e., up and down).

Identify the axis cervical vertebrae

Function of the axis cervical vertebrae

C2, articulated with C1 enabling head movement (i.e., side to side rotation)

Numbering of true ribs

1-7

Numbering of false ribs

8-10

Numbering of floating ribs

11-12

What is the clavicle articulated with in the skeletal system

Sternum

Function of the glenoid fossa

Articulated with the humerus, located on the scapula

Identify the humeral head

Located on the humerus, articulated with the glenoid fossa

Identify the deltoid tuberosity

Located on the lateral humerus

Function of the deltoid tuberosity

Attachment point for deltoid muscles articulated with the shoulder, located on the humerus

Identify the olecranon fossa

Articulated with the ulna, located on the humerus

Identify the radial head

Articulated with the humerus, located on the radius

Identify the radial styloid process

Articulated with the carpels of the manus, located on the radius

Identify the olecranon

Articulated olecranon, located on the ulna

Identify the trochlear notch

Depression for humerus to articulate with, enabling flexion, located on the ulna

Identify the ulnar styloid process

Articulated with the carpels of the manus, located on the ulna

Number of carpels in one hand

8

Number of metacarpals in one hand

5

Number of phalanges in one hand

14

Identify the illium

Colloquially referred as the hip bone

Identify the ischium

Identify the pubis

Identify the auricular surface

Identify the acetabulum

Identify the pubic symphysis

Identify the sacrum

Identify the coccyx

Colloquially referred as tail bone

Identify the femoral head

Located on the femur, articulated with the acetabulum located in the pelvis

Identify the greater trochanter

Attachment for glute musculature, located on the femur

Identify the lesser trochanter

Attachment for glute musculature, located on the femur

Identify the medial condyle

Located on the femur, articulated with the synovial knee joint

Identify the lateral condyle

Located on the femur, articulated with the synovial knee joint

Identify the linea aspera

Attachment for thigh musculature, located on the femur

Identify the tibial plateau

Colloquially referred to as the shin bone, located on the tibia, articulated with the knee

Identify the medial and lateral condyle

Femur alignment, located on the tibia

Identify the intercondylar eminence

Located on the tibia, attachment for ligament structure (e.g., ACL, MCL, meniscus)

Identify the medial malleolus

Located on the tibia, articulated with tarsels of the pes

Identify the lateral malleolus

Attachment for ankle ligature

Number of tarsals In one foot

7

Number of metatarsals in one foot

5

Number of phalanges in one foot

14