questions

ΔG

Free energy change.

Free energy change formula

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS.

Negative ΔG

Indicates a spontaneous reaction, also known as exergonic.

Positive ΔG

Indicates a non-spontaneous reaction, also known as endergonic.

Photosynthesis

Occurs in the chloroplasts and converts light energy into chemical energy/glucose.

Photosynthesis formula

CO₂ + H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂.

Cellular respiration

Occurs in the mitochondria, converting chemical energy (glucose) into cellular energy (ATP).

Cellular respiration formula

C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + ATP.

Glycolysis

Occurs in the cytoplasm; breaks glucose into pyruvate.

Glycolysis substrates

Glucose, ATP, and NAD+.

Glycolysis products

Pyruvate, ATP, NADH, and H₂O.

Energy Investment stage of Glycolysis

Uses 2 ATP.

Energy Payoff stage of Glycolysis

Net gain of 2 ATP, producing a total of 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate.

Pyruvate Oxidation

Occurs in mitochondria; oxidizes pyruvate to produce CO₂ and Acetyl CoA.

Citric Acid Cycle

Also known as Krebs Cycle; completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO₂.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Accounts for 90% of ATP production; includes ETC and chemiosmosis.

Total ATP yield per glucose

~32 ATP.

NADH dehydrogenase

First protein in the Electron Transport Chain.

FADH₂

Produced in the Krebs cycle; serves as an electron carrier.

Competitive inhibitors

Bind to the active site of the enzyme.

Stroma

Location of the Calvin cycle in chloroplasts.

Carbon fixation

Occurs in the Calvin cycle.

Final Electron Acceptors in cellular respiration

Aerobic: Oxygen; Anaerobic: Sulfur, Iron.

cictric acid cycle occurs in?

the miochondria

the 6 ETC enzymes

Nadh dehydrogenase

succinate dehydrogenase

q enzym - unbiquinone

cytochrom c

cytochrome bc1 complex

cytochrome c oxidase

forms of energy

Electromagnetic, Chemical and thermal.

types of energy

kinetic energy and potential energy

NADPH is a product of

light dependant reactions

not a part of the calvin cycle

H2O

this protien functions by oxizing H2O

photosystem 2

Which color has the shortest wavelength? Indigo, red, green or yellow?

indigo

competitve inhibitors binds to..

active site of an enzyme

True or false: Feedback inhibition is when subtrates of a chemical reaction bind to the starting enzyme.

FALSE

Which will not affect teh reaction rate of an enzyme: amount of enzyme, temp, ph, substrate concenteation

amount of enzyme

True or False: the stroma is the location of gas exchange in leaves?

false.

what is not found in the krebs cycle?

regnerations of rubp

jow matn protiens pump hydrogens protos out of the matrix?

3

where does the calvin cycle take place?

stroma of the chloroplast

whats not a products of light dependant reactions

NADH

Carbon fixation happens in: mitochondria, calvin cycle, krebs cycle or chemiosmosis

calvin cycle

what color has the highest energy level? red,blur, indigo or violet

violet

opening of a leaf where gas is exchanged

stromata

aerobic final acceptor

oxygen

anaerobic respiratioon

happens with O2

glucose to CO2

final acceptor oxygen

anaerobic respiration

w/o oxygen

6 carbn to two 3 carbon molecules

final acceptor sulfur and iron