AP HUG VOCAB

Absolute direction:

Showing a exact direction of a place usually using measurements like feet, miles, kilometers

Absolute distance:

Showing an exact distance usually measured through measurements as well

Absolute location:

Showing an exact location measured typically with longitude and latitude and/or a compass

Area distortion:

The distortion of an area due to map projections

Census data:

A survey every 10 years to see the change of population growth in an area

Clustering:

How close thins are to each other

Direction distortion:

The distortion of direction on a map projection, affecting the accuracy of bearings and angles

Dispersal:

Things that are separated from eachother

Distance decay:

The effect of distance on cultural or spatial interactions. Interaction decreases with increasing distance.

Distance distortion:

The misrepresentation of the actual distance between points on a map, caused by map projections

Elevation:

The height of a geographic location above or below a reference point, usually sea level

Environmental determinism:

The belief that the physical environment exclusively shapes human actions and societies

Field observation (fieldwork):

The act of physically visiting a location or place and recording, firsthand, information there

Flows:

The movement of people, goods, or information from one place to another

Formal region:

An area defined by a common or uniform characteristic, such as language, climate, or political system

Functional region:

An area organized around a node or focal point and defined by activities or interactions that occur across it

Geographic Information System (GIS):

A computer system for capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface.

Geographical data:

Information about specific locations, often including characteristics at that location

Geospatial data:

Information that is associated with a particular location

Global scale:

Interactions, processes, or phenomena that occur at the scale of the entire world

Land use:

The function or economic activity associated with a specific piece of land

Landscape analysis:

The process of describing and interpreting the landscape ecology of an area

Local scale:

A spatial scale that is roughly equivalent to a community or neighborhood

Map distortion:

Changes in shape, area, distance, or direction when projecting a 3D surface onto a 2D map

Media reports:

News stories and other media that provide information about places and events

National scale:

A spatial scale that is generally the extent of a country

Natural resources:

Materials or substances occurring in nature which can be exploited for economic gain

Online mapping:

The process of using internet-based technologies to create, view, and analyze maps

Online visualization:

The use of online tools to create visual representations of data, often interactive

Pattern:

The geometric arrangement of objects in space

Perceptual region:

An area defined by subjective perceptions that reflect the feelings and images about key place characteristics

Personal interviews:

Direct questioning of individuals to gather data

Photographic information:

Data or insights derived from photographs, including aerial and satellite imagery

Place:

A specific point on Earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other points

Policy documents:

Official government or organizational reports and publications that outline rules, regulations, and goals

Possibilism:

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

Reference maps:

Maps showing the absolute location of places and geographic features

Regional analysis:

The study of different places at the regional scale

Regional scale:

Interactions, processes, or phenomena occurring within a region

Relative direction:

Direction described in relation to another object or place, rather than by compass point

Relative distance:

A measure of the social, cultural and/or economic connectivity between places

Relative location:

The position of a place or entity in relation to other locations

Remote sensing:

The scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it

Satellite imagery:

Images of Earth collected by satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world

Satellite Navigation System:

A system of satellites that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage

Shape distortion:

The alteration of the way a shape appears on a map due to a projection

Space:

The physical gap or interval between two objects

Sustainability:

The ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Time-Space Convergence:

The reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place, as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

Travel narratives:

Stories or accounts of journeys to other places

UNIT TWO:

Aging population:

A population in which the proportion of older individuals is increasing

Agricultural density:

The number of farmers per unit area of arable land

Anti-natalist policies:

Government policies that seek to reduce the birth rate and slow population growth

Arithmetic density:

The total number of people divided by the total land area

Asylum seekers:

People who leave their home country because they dont feel safe and then go to another country hoping protection from that country

Boserup Theory:

The theory on that Ester Boserup disagredd with the Malthusain Theory and instead believed that as population grows so will the agricultural production due to new innovations and mechinization

Carrying capacity:

The number of people, other living organisms, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation

Chain migration:

The process by which migration movements from a specific location follow a defined path toward a particular destination

Climate:

The long-term average weather condition at a particular location

Contraception:

Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy such as birth contrl, pills, condoms, IUDs, etc.

CBR:

Crude Birth Rate: The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

CDR:

Crude Death Rate: The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Culture:

The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people's distinct tradition

Demographic transition model:

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time

Demography:

The scientific study of population characteristics

Dependency ratio:

The ratio of the number of people who are typically dependent on others to the number of work-age people (15-64)

Economics:

The study of how society manages its scarce resources

Epidemiological Transition Model:

argued that population growth would outpace the

Erlich Theory:

The idea that population growth will lead to environmental catastrophe

Forced migration:

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors

Guest worker:

A foreign laborer temporarily working in a host country

Immigration policies:

Government regulations and laws regarding immigration into or out of a country

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):

The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births

Internal migration:

Permanent movement within the same country

Internally displaced persons:

People who have been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as refugees but have not migrated across an international border

Intervening obstacles:

An environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration

Intervening opportunities:

The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away

Landforms:

The natural features of the earth’s surface

Life Expectancy:

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions

Malthusian Theory:

The idea that population growth will outpace food supply

Medical care (health care):

The prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions

Migration:

A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location

Mortality:

Death, as a factor in population change

Neo-Malthusian:

Advocacy of population control programs to ensure resources for current and future populations

Physiological density:

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Politics:

The activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power

Population doubling time:

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

Population pyramid:

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

Pro-natalist policies:

Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

Push factors:

Factors that induce people to leave old residences

Pull factors:

Factors that induce people to move to a new location

Rate of natural increase (RNI):

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration:

A set of generalizations about migration distances, migrant characteristics, and factors influencing migration

Refugees:

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

Rural-to-urban migration:

The movement of people from the countryside to the city

Slavery:

A system of enforced servitude in which people are owned by other people

Step migration:

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages