7+8: Upper Appendicular Muscles

These flashcards cover the vocabulary and key concepts of the Upper Appendicular Muscles, including the pectoral girdle, arm, forearm, hand intrinsics, and their associated innervations and clinical correlations.

Subclavius

A muscle located along the subclavian groove on the inferior surface of the clavicle that moves the pectoral girdle.

Trapezius

A large muscle of the pectoral girdle consisting of the Upper part (UFT), Middle part (MFT), and Lower part (LFT).

Serratus anterior

A muscle located on the medial border of the scapula and the thoracic wall, known as one of the upward rotators of the scapula.

Rhomboids

Muscles of the pectoral girdle including the Rhomboid minor and Rhomboid major, both acting as downward rotators of the scapula.

Levator Scapulae

A muscle of the pectoral girdle that acts as a downward rotator of the scapula and originates from the cervical vertebrae.

Pectoralis Minor

A muscle of the pectoral girdle that attaches to the coracoid process and acts as a downward rotator of the scapula.

Pectoralis Major

A muscle that moves the arm, consisting of a Clavicular head and a Sternocostal head (sternal head).

Latissimus Dorsi

A large muscle of the posterior trunk that moves the arm and inserts into the intertubercular groove.

Teres Major

A muscle that moves the arm and shares an insertion area near the latissimus dorsi on the humerus.

Deltoid

A three-headed muscle (Anterior Head, Lateral Head, Posterior Head) that moves the arm and inserts on the deltoid tuberosity.

Coracobrachialis

A muscle that moves the arm and originates from the coracoid process.

Rotator Cuff (SITS)

A group of four muscles: Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Teres Minor.

Subscapularis

The only rotator cuff muscle that inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and performs internal rotation.

Supraspinatus

A rotator cuff muscle that sits in the supraspinous fossa and assists in abduction of the arm.

Infraspinatus

A rotator cuff muscle that sits in the infraspinous fossa and provides external rotation.

Teres Minor

A small rotator cuff muscle located inferior to the infraspinatus that performs external rotation.

Biceps Brachii

A muscle with a Long head and a Short head; the long head tendon runs in the bicipital (intertubercular) groove.

Brachialis

A deep muscle of the arm located anteriorly that serves as a primary flexor of the forearm.

Brachioradialis

A muscle that moves the forearm, categorized as part of the posterolateral compartment despite acting as a flexor.

Pronator Teres

A superficial muscle of the anterior forearm that performs pronation.

Pronator Quadratus

A deep, square-shaped muscle of the anterior forearm that performs pronation.

Triceps Brachii

A three-headed muscle (Long head, Lateral head, and Medial head) located in the posterior compartment of the arm.

Anconeus

A small muscle located at the elbow that assists in forearm extension.

Supinator

A muscle in the posterior compartment of the forearm that rotates the palm anteriorly.

Flexor Carpi Radialis

A superficial muscle of the anterior forearm that flexes and abducts (radial deviation) the wrist.

Palmaris Longus

A superficial muscle of the anterior forearm with a long tendon that passes over the flexor retinaculum.

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

A superficial muscle of the anterior forearm that flexes and adducts (ulnar deviation) the wrist.

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS)

An intermediate muscle of the anterior forearm whose tendons split to insert onto the middle phalanges.

Flexor Digitorum Profundus (FDP)

A deep muscle of the anterior forearm whose tendons pass through the FDS splits to insert onto distal phalanges.

Flexor Pollicis Longus

A deep muscle of the anterior forearm that flexes the thumb.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (ECRL)

A lateral forearm muscle that extends and abducts the wrist.

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (ECRB)

A lateral forearm muscle that extends and abducts the wrist; often involved in lateral epicondylalgia.

Extensor Digitorum

A superficial posterior forearm muscle that extends digits $2$ through $5$.

Extensor Digiti Minimi

A superficial posterior forearm muscle that reinforces extension of the little finger (D5).

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU)

A superficial posterior forearm muscle that extends and adducts the wrist.

Abductor Pollicis Longus (APL)

A deep posterior forearm muscle that abducts and extends the thumb.

Extensor Pollicis Brevis (EPB)

A deep posterior forearm muscle that forms the 'Brevis Sandwich' in the anatomic snuffbox.

Extensor Pollicis Longus (EPL)

A deep posterior forearm muscle that uses the Lister tubercle as a pulley.

Extensor (Digitorum) Indicis

A deep posterior forearm muscle that reinforces extension of the index finger (D2).

Carpal Tunnel Components

Contains the median nerve (1), tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis (4), tendons of flexor digitorum profundus (4), and the tendon of flexor pollicis longus (1).

Thenar Eminence

A group of intrinsic hand muscles consisting of the Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Opponens Pollicis, and Flexor Pollicis Brevis.

Hypothenar Eminence

A group of intrinsic hand muscles consisting of the Abductor Digiti Minimi, Opponens Digiti Minimi, and Flexor Digiti Minimi.

Adductor Pollicis

An intrinsic hand muscle with Oblique and Transverse heads that adducts the thumb.

Dorsal Interossei (DAB)

Intrinsic hand muscles responsible for Abduction of the fingers.

Palmar Interossei (PAD)

Intrinsic hand muscles responsible for Adduction of the fingers.

Lumbricals

Four intrinsic hand muscles that originate from the FDP tendons and insert on dorsal expansion extensor tendons.

Common Flexor Origin (CFO)

Located at the medial epicondyle of the humerus, where the superficial anterior forearm muscles originate via the Common flexor tendon (CFT).

Common Extensor Tendon (CET)

Originates at the lateral epicondyle and is the site of pathology for lateral epicondylalgia ('Tennis Elbow').

Anatomic Snuffbox

A depression bounded by the tendons of the EPL (medial/posterior) and the APL/EPB (lateral/anterior).

LOAF

Mnemonic for hand muscles innervated by the Median nerve: 1/2 Lumbricals ($1$ and $2$), Opponens pollicis, Abductor pollicis brevis, and Flexor pollicis brevis.

Phrenic nerve

A nerve arising from $C3, C4, C5$ that innervates the diaphragm.

Long Thoracic Nerve

The nerve that specifically innervates the Serratus anterior muscle.

Axillary nerve

Innervates the Deltoids and Teres minor.

Musculocutaneous nerve

Innervates the Coracobrachialis, Biceps brachii, and Brachialis.

Radial nerve

The nerve that innervates everything in the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm.