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Columbian Exchange

The transformative event in 1492 where Columbus landed in the Americas, leading to the exchange of plants, animals, cultures, human populations, and diseases.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607.

Seven Years' War

Also known as the French and Indian War, its end in 1763 resulted in Great Britain's increased control over North America and rising tensions with the colonies.

Declaration of Independence

The formal declaration by American colonies in 1776 asserting their separation from Great Britain based on self-governance and natural rights.

Peaceful transfer of power

The election of Thomas Jefferson in 1800 marked the first peaceful transfer of political power between opposing parties in the U.S.

Mexican-American War

The war concluded in 1848, resulting in U.S. territorial gains and intensifying sectionalism between free and slave states.

Civil War

The conflict that started in 1861, triggered by Southern states' secession over issues of slavery and states' rights.

Jim Crow laws

Laws enacted after the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877 that institutionalized racial segregation and disenfranchised African Americans.

Spanish-American War

The 1898 conflict marked the beginning of U.S. imperialism, leading to territorial acquisitions such as Cuba and Puerto Rico.

Progressive Era

A period of social and political reform starting in 1901 under Theodore Roosevelt aimed at addressing industrialization and corruption.

Pearl Harbor

The surprise attack in 1941 that led to U.S. entry into World War II, marking a transformation into a global military power.

Cold War

The period beginning in 1945 after WWII that saw the U.S. and the Soviet Union emerge as rival superpowers.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

The 1989 event symbolizing the end of the Cold War and the collapse of Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.

Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The formal end of the Cold War in 1991, marking the disassembly of the Soviet Union and the rise of a unipolar world led by the U.S.