CLU3M4 - Chapters 1-3 Unit Test

What is the Rules of Conduct function of law?

Laws set clear expectations for behaviour in society. They tell people what they can and cannot do, helping to prevent conflicts and maintain order.

What is the System of Enforcement function of law?

Laws must be enforced by police, courts, and other authorities to be effective. This system ensures that rules are followed and that there are consequences for breaking them.

What is the Protection function of law?

Laws protect individuals and groups from harm — whether physical, emotional, or financial — and safeguard rights and freedoms.

What is the Resolution of Disputes function of law?

Laws provide peaceful methods for resolving conflicts between individuals, organizations, or the government, instead of resorting to violence.

What is the Structure for Society function of law?

Laws create a stable framework for society to operate — defining institutions, roles, and rights that help maintain order and fairness.

What is the significance of Hammurabi’s Code?

One of the first written codes of law; emphasized retribution (“an eye for an eye”).

Q: What are Mosaic Laws?

A: Laws from the Hebrew Bible (e.g., Ten Commandments); focus on moral behaviour and justice.

Q: What was Justinian’s Code?

A: Roman laws organized under Emperor Justinian; influenced European legal systems.

Q: What is the Magna Carta?

A: A 1215 English charter that limited the king’s power and established the rule of law.

Q: What is the Napoleonic Code?

A: French civil law emphasizing equality before the law and clear written rules.

Q: What is the Canadian Bill of Rights (1960)?

A: Canada’s first federal human rights law; limited to federal jurisdiction.

Q: What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?

A: 1948 UN document setting global standards for human rights protection.

Q: What is the Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

A: Part of Canada’s Constitution (1982) guaranteeing fundamental rights and freedoms to all Canadians.

Q: What is the Amending Formula?

A: Rules for changing the Constitution; requires approval from Parliament and provinces.

Q: What are the three branches of power in Canada?

A: The Legislative Branch makes and passes laws.

The Executive Branch enforces and administers laws.

The Judicial Branch interprets and applies the law.

How does the separation of powers protect democracy?

A: It ensures that no single branch has too much control. Each branch checks and balances the others — maintaining fairness, accountability, and democratic governance.

Q: What are the steps for a bill to become law?

A: 1. First Reading → 2. Second Reading → 3. Committee Stage → 4. Third Reading → 5. Senate → 6. Royal Assent.

Q: What does the Charter guarantee?

A: Fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, mobility rights, legal rights, equality rights, and language rights.

Q: What are “Read In,” “Read Down,” and “Strike Down”?

A: Court remedies:

• Read In: add missing words

• Read Down: interpret narrowly

• Strike Down: remove unconstitutional law

Q: What were the main barriers to equality in Canada?

A: Indigenous rights issues, gender inequality, employment discrimination, stereotyping.

Q: What was the Meech Lake Accord?

A: 1987 attempt to gain Quebec’s support for the Constitution; failed due to exclusion of Indigenous voices.

Q: What are examples of marginalized groups in Canada?

A: Indigenous peoples, women, immigrants, LGBTQ+ community, people with disabilities.

Q: What did the Canadian Human Rights Act (1996) do?

A: Protected individuals from discrimination in federal workplaces and services.

Q: What was the Civil Marriage Act (2005)?

A: Legalized same-sex marriage across Canada.

Q: What are examples of discrimination issues in the workplace?

A: Unequal pay, hiring bias, lack of accessibility, harassment, wrongful termination.