Skeletal system

SPAMB

Supports the body,Protects organs Assists with movement Makes blood cells Banks minerals such as calcium and phosphorus,

skull protects

brain

ribs protect

heart and lungs

vertebrae protects

spinal cord

Bone marrow produces:

blood cells

Bone and muscle work together to

Create movement

The axial skeleton contains

80 bones

What does the axial skeleton include?

skull, vertebral column, rib cage, sternum

The appendicular skeleton contains

126 bones

appendicular skeleton includes

Arms and hands Legs and feet, Shoulder girdle ,Pelvic girdle Its main purpose is movement.

Total bones in adult skeleton

206 bones

long bones

femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna, metatarsals, metacarpals, phalanges

short bones

carpals and tarsals

Flat bones

Skull, sternum, ribs

irregular bones

vertebrae

sesamoid bones

patella

Compact bone

Hard outer layer

spongy bone

Lighter inner layer with spaces

Periosteum

Protective covering around the bone

Bone marrow

Found inside bones

Articular cartilage

Covers the ends of bones and reduces friction

Red marrow

produces blood cells

Yellow marrow

stores fat

Osteoblasts

build bone

Osteoclasts

break down bone

Osteocytes

maintain bone

A joint is

connection between two bones

Immovable

Skull sutures

Slightly moveable

Between some vertebrae

Freely moveable

Shoulder,hip,knee,elbow

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body but back to it

How many bones are in the human body?

206

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

Support, protection, movement, blood-cell production, and mineral storage

Is the skull axial or appendicular?

axial

Is the femur axial or appendicular?

appendicular

What type of bone is the patella?

sesamoid

Which cells build bones?

osteoblasts

What does red bone marrow produce?

red blood cells

What is the longest and strongest bone in the body?

Femur

Describe the epiphyses of the bone.

are the enlarged ends of a long bone. They are made mostly of spongy (cancellous) bone, contain red bone marrow, and are covered with articular cartilage to reduce friction at joints.

Describe the diaphysis.

The diaphysis is the shaft or long middle portion of a bone. It is made mainly of compact bone and contains the medullary (marrow) cavity, which usually holds yellow bone marrow in adults.

Describe the lacunae.

small spaces within the bone matrix that house osteocytes (mature bone cells).

Define/Describe osteoblast.

is a bone-building cell that produces new bone matrix and helps bones grow and heal.

Define/Describe osteocytes.

are mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue and help regulate the exchange of nutrients and minerals.

Define/Describe osteoclast. Also, which hormone inhibits osteoclast activity?

is a large cell that breaks down (resorbs) bone tissue during bone remodeling. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity.

Define osteon.

is the basic structural and functional unit of compact bone. It consists of concentric rings (lamellae) surrounding a central canal that contains blood vessels and nerves.

Describe trabeculae, and where are they found?

are thin, lattice-like plates or beams of bone that provide strength while reducing weight. They are found in spongy (cancellous) bone, especially in the epiphyses of long bones and inside flat bones.

What type of tissue is found on the outer surface of the bone?

is covered by the periosteum, a tough, fibrous connective tissue membrane.

What is the Axial Skeleton?

is the central framework of the body. It consists of 80 bones, including the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. Its main functions are support and protection.

What is the Appendicular Skeleton?

consists of 126 bones, including the arms, legs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle. Its main function is movement.

Which bone protects the brain?

cranium

What are sinuses? What is their major function?

are air-filled cavities in certain skull bones. Their major functions are to lighten the skull, produce mucus, and help with voice resonance.

What is the proper name of the "soft spots" on an infant's head?

Fontanelles.

Distribution of the 24 vertebrae—How many cervical? Thoracic? Lumbar? What is the name given to C1? C2?

7 Cervical (C1-C7) 12 Thoracic (T1-T12) 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) C1 = Atlas C2 = Axis

Define lordosis.

is an excessive inward curvature of the lumbar (lower) spine, also called swayback.

Describe the vertebral foramen.

is the opening in each vertebra through which the spinal cord passes.

What joint does the humerus and glenoid cavity form?

The glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.

Best define statement for supination and pronation of the forearm.

Supination: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces up (anteriorly).

Pronation: Rotating the forearm so the palm faces down (posteriorly).

The number of phalangeal bones contained in the fingers and thumb on one hand?

14 phalanges (12 in the fingers and 2 in the thumb).

. Longest and strongest bone in the body.

femur

Main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg and second longest bone?

Tibia

Slender bone located on the lateral side of the leg.

Fibula

What forms the elbow joint?

humerus, radius, ulna

What forms the wrist joint?

scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum

The medial end of the clavicle and the lateral edge of the sternum form which articulation?

The sternoclavicular (SC) joint.

Describe the synovial joint.

a freely movable joint that contains a joint capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and articular cartilage.Examples: Shoulder, hip, knee, elbow.

Describe the synarthrosis joint/Provide an example.

is an immovable joint.Example: Skull sutures.

Describe the diarthrosis joint/Provide an example.

is a freely movable joint (a synovial joint).Example: Shoulder, hip, knee, or elbow.

Describe the amphiarthrosis joint/Provide an example.

is a slightly movable joint.Example: Between adjacent vertebrae or the pubic symphysis.

Medical Terminology—Bone, cartilage, blood, hip socket.

Bone: Oste/o , Cartilage: Chondr/o, Blood: Hem/o or Hemat/o, Hip socket: Acetabulum

Pathology Definition—Osteomalacia and Osteomyelitis

Osteomalacia: Softening of the bones caused by poor mineralization, usually due to vitamin D deficiency.

Osteomyelitis: Infection of the bone, most commonly caused by bacteria.