SG 1 - Cardiac Anaphy

Oxygenation involves the transport of O2 to all body parts and the removal of ____

CO2

The four components of the oxygenation process are Hgb (Oxygen Carrier), Blood Vessels, Heart, and ____

Lungs

The movement of air into and out of the lungs for the purpose of delivering fresh air into the lungs’ alveoli is called ____

Ventilation

Ventilation is regulated by respiratory control centers in the pons & ____

medulla oblongata

____ is the exchange of O2 from the alveolar space into the pulmonary capillary blood.

Alveolar Gas Exchange

At the cellular level, gas exchange (also called internal respiration) takes place via ____ in response to a concentration gradient.

Diffusion

The major function of the cardiovascular system includes the circulation of blood and the delivery of O2, nutrients, hormones, and ____s to the body.

enzyme

The heart is a hollow, ____ organ.

Muscular

The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body through ____

Arteries

The heart lies obliquely in the chest, behind the sternum in the ____

Mediastinum

In older adults, the heart becomes slightly smaller and loses ____ and efficiency.

contractile strength

By 70, cardiac output at rest has diminished by about ____ in many people.

30% - 35%

The outermost layer of the heart wall, made up of squamous epithelial cells, is the ____.

Epicardium

The middle layer of the heart wall, made up of Myocardial cells, is the ____.

Myocardium

The innermost layer of the heart wall, consisting of a thin layer of endothelial tissue that lines heart valves and chambers, is the ____.

Endocardium

The ____ is a fluid-filled sac that envelops the heart and acts as a tough, protective coating.

Pericardium

The pericardial space separates the visceral and parietal layers and contains ____ of thin, clear, lubricating pericardial fluid.

10-20ml

Pericardial fluid protects & cushions the heart & great vessels and provides a barrier to ____ in adjacent structures.

infectious processes

The ____ receives deoxygenated blood from the Right Atrium (RA).

Right Ventricle (RV)

The ____ receives oxygenated blood from the Left Atrium (LA), pumping it into the systemic circulation.

Left Ventricle

The muscular wall that separates the chambers of the heart is called the ____.

Septum

The ____ separates the atria.

Interatrial septum

The ____ separates the ventricles.

Interventricular septum

The Atrio-ventricular valves include the Tricuspid and ____ valves.

Mitral/Bicuspid

The Semi-lunar valves include the Pulmonary and ____ valves.

Aortic

The ____ separates the RA from the RV.

Tricuspid

Closure of the Atrio-ventricular (AV) valves is associated with the ____ sound.

S1 sound

The ____ is located where the pulmonary artery meets the right ventricle.

Pulmonic valve

Closure of the semilunar valves is associated with the ____ sound.

S2 sound

During ventricular diastole, the ____ are open.

AV valves

During ventricular systole, the ____ are open.

Semilunar valves

The heart receives its blood supply almost entirely through ____.

coronary arteries

The ____ supplies blood to the right atrium, right ventricle, and inferior wall of the left ventricle.

Right Coronary Artery

The Left Coronary Artery splits into two major branches: the left anterior descending and ____.

Left Circumflex

____ causes the release of norepinephrine, which increases heart rate and accelerates AV node conduction.

Sympathetic nerve stimulation

____ causes the release of acetylcholine, which slows heart rate and conduction through the AV node.

Parasympathetic Nerve Stimulation

____ are stretch receptors in the wall of some blood vessels involved in the control of arterial pressure.

Baroreceptors

____ are sensitive to changes in the chemical composition of the blood, such as a decrease in oxygen level or pH, or an increase in carbon dioxide level.

Chemoreceptors

Increased sympathetic stimulation due to decreased blood O2, increased CO2, or decreased blood pH leads to an ____.

Increased Heart Rate

The four key characteristics of cardiac cells are automaticity, excitability, conductivity, and ____.

contractility

____ is a cell’s ability to spontaneously initiate an electrical impulse.

automaticity

____ is a cell’s ability to respond to an electrical impulse.

excitability

The ____ is the pacemaker of the heart.

Sinoatrial Node

The SA Node generates impulses about ____ b/min under resting conditions.

60-100 b/min

The ____ conducts impulses to the ventricles.

Atrioventricular Node (AV Node)

The firing rate of the AV Node is ____.

40-60 b/min

The ____ is divided into two branches: RBB (Right Bundle Branch) & LBB (Left Bundle Branch).

Bundle of His

____ are composed of a diffuse muscle fiber network that transmits impulses quicker than any other part of the conduction system.

Purkinje Fibers

The firing rate of the Purkinje Fibers is ____ b/min.

20-40 b/min

____ is the difference between ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV).

Ventricular Stroke Volume