BIOL Ch. 25 TEXTBOOK

Are all algae photosynthetic?

Yes

Life on land advantages:

* sunlight is abundant
* CO2 is more readily available in air than in water

4 Adaptations of Success for terrestrial plants

* AOG life cycle
* apical meristem tissue in roots and shoots
* waxy cuticle to resist desiccation
* cell walls with lignin

Survival strategies of land plants

* tolerance
* colonize environments with high humidity
* development of new structures

All sexually reproducing organisms have both

haploid and diploid cells in their life cycles

Haploid dominant means

the haploid stage is what is most apparent when looking at it

Alternation of generations describes a life cycle in which an organism has

both haploid and diploid multicellular stages

Alternation of Generation steps

gametophyte → formation of gametes → fertilization → formation of zygote → mitosis → sporophyte → meiosis → formation of spores → mitosis

Sporangia

two sporophyte of seedless plants is diploid and results from fusion of two gametes

Which of the following statements about plant divisions is false?


1. Lycophytes and pterophytes are seedless vascular plants.
2. All vascular plants produce seeds.
3. All non-vascular embryophytes are

bryophytes.
4. Seed plants include angiosperms and

gymnosperms.

2

The land plants are probably descendants of which of these groups?


1. green algae
2. red algae
3. brown algae
4. angiosperms

1

Alternation of generations means that plants produce:


1. only haploid multicellular organisms
2. only diploid multicellular organisms
3. only diploid multicellular organisms with

single-celled haploid gametes
4. both haploid and diploid multicellular

organisms

4

Which of the following traits of land plants allows them to grow in height?

a. alternation of generations

b. waxy cuticle

c. tracheids \n d. sporopollenin

c

How does a haplontic plant population maintain genetic diversity?

a. Zygotes are produced by random fusion.

b. Gametes are created through meiosis.

c. Diploid spores undergo independent assortment during mitosis. \n d. The zygote undergoes meiosis to generate a haploid sporophyte.

a

Which of the following features does not support the inclusion of Charophytes in the *Plantae* kingdom?


1. Charophyte chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a and b.
2. Charophyte plant cell walls contain plasmodesmata to allow transfer between cells within multicellular organisms.
3. Charophytes do not exhibit growth throughout the entire plant body.
4. Charophytes are multicellular organisms that lack vascular tissue.

4

Which of the following structures is not found in bryophytes?


1. a cellulose cell wall
2. chloroplast
3. sporangium
4. root

4

Stomata appear in which group of plants?

a. Charales

b. liverworts

c. hornworts

d. mosses

c

Why do mosses grow well in the Arctic tundra?


1. They grow better at cold temperatures.
2. They do not require moisture.
3. They do not have true roots and can grow

on hard surfaces.
4. There are no herbivores in the tundra.

3

A botanist travels to an area that has experienced a long, severe drought. While examining the bryophytes in the area, he notices that many are in the same life-cycle stage. Which life-cycle stage *should* be the most common?

a. zygote \n b. gametophyte

c. sporophyte

d. archegonium

b

Microphylls are characteristic of which types of plants?


1. mosses
2. liverworts
3. club mosses
4. ferns

3

A plant in the understory of a forest displays a segmented stem and slender leaves arranged in a whorl. It is probably a ________.


1. club moss
2. whisk fern
3. fern
4. horsetail

4

The following structures are found on the underside of fern leaves and contain sporangia:

a. sori \n b. rhizomes

c. megaphylls

d. microphylls

a

The dominant organism in fern is the ________.

a. sperm \n b. spore \n c. gamete \n d. sporophyte

d

What seedless plant is a renewable source of energy?

a. club moss \n b. horsetail \n c. sphagnum moss

d. fern

c

How do mosses contribute to returning nitrogen to the soil?


1. Mosses fix nitrogen from the air.
2. Mosses harbor cyanobacteria that fix

nitrogen.
3. Mosses die and return nitrogen to the soil.
4. Mosses decompose rocks and release

nitrogen.

4

The production of megaphylls by many different species of plants is an example of _____.

a. parallel evolution

b. analogy \n c. divergent evolution

d. homology

a

The sporophyte of seedless plants is ______ and results from fusion of two what?

diploid/ gametes

Sporangia

a vessel for spores, a reproductive sac in which spores are formed

Homosporous

plants that produce only one type of spore

Heterosporous

plants that produce two types of spores

Male spores are known as

microspores

Female spores are known as

megaspores

What

* is found in the walls of pollen grain
* helps to prevent desiccation
* makes spore walls resistant to harsh environments

sporopollenin

Gametangia produce

gamete cells that fuse to form a zygote

Gametangia are prominent in

seedless plants

Apical meristem

shoots and roots of plants that increase the length

Vascular tissue includes

xylem and phloem

Poisonous Secondary metabolites are used by plants ignorer to

ward off predators

Examples of poisonous secondary metabolites

* taste bad
* smell bad
* cause death

Vascular tissues extend into

the root of land plants

Non-vascular plants

plants that lack vascular tissue

Vascular tissue

formed of specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients

Stomata are used to

regulate traffic of gases and water vapor

The chlorophytes and the charophytes make up the _______ and are what type of grouping?

green algae; paraphyletic

Green algae fall into two major groups

Charophytes and Chlorophytes

Liverworts, mosses, and hornworts are

seedless non-vascular plants

The Chlamydomonas, Ulva, and Volvox are apart of what of the green algae?

Chlorophytes

Spriogyra, Chara and Coleochaete are apart of what of the green algae?

Charophytes

What member of the chlorophytes is multicellular?

Ulva

What member of the charophytes is a long filament of colonial cell?

Spirogyra

What member of the chlorophytes form colonies?

Volvox

What green algae of the chlorophytes is a single-celled?

Chlamydomonas

Green algae reproduce __________________

both asexually sexually

Fragmentation or dispersal of spores

asexual reproduction

producing gametes that fuse during fertilization

sexual reproduction

Chlamydomonas and Ulva both produce ________ gametes

flagellated

Which member of the charophytes is the closest living relative to land plants?

Chara

The first bryophyte is a ________

liverwort

Most of the byrophytes live in _____ habitats

damp

Sporangium

the multicellular sexual reproductive structure in which meiosis produces haploid spores

Bryophytes 3 Phyla

* liverworts
* hornworts
* mosses

Liverworts phyla name

hepaticophyta

Hornworts phyla name

anthocerotophyta

Mosses phyla name

Bryophyta

_______ are the most closely related to ancestor of vascular plants that adapted to terrestrial environments

Liverworts

What Bryophyte phyla needs to live in damp conditions for a source of water?

liverworts

All bryophytes are ________ dominant

gametophyte

Many _____ establish symbiotic relationships with cyanobacteria that fix nitrogen from the environment

hornworts

AOG of a hornwort steps

* flagellated sperm swim to the archegonia and fertilize the eggs
* the zygote develops into a long and slender sporophyte
* the zygote splits open down the side which releases spores
* the haploid spores germinate and give rise to the next generation of gametophytes

In mosses, the antheridium produces ____ whereas the archegonium produces _______

many sperm; a single egg

Mosses are the most _________ of the non-vascular

numerous

The mosses can be found in where?

tundra or tropical forests

Protonema

a tangle of single-celled filaments that hug the ground

The moss ____ is dependent on the ______ for nutrients

sporophyte; gametophyte

What contains tubular cells that transfer nutrients from the base of the sporophyte to the sporangium or capsule

Seta

Spore mother cells in the sporangium undergo what to produce haploid spores?

meiosis

Vascular plants are also called

tracheophytes

What is the dominant phase of the life cycle in vascular plants?

diploid sporophyte

Lignin

found in some plant vascular tissues and adds tot heir level of tensile strength

The presence of vascular tissue can

increase the size of plants

Rhizoids attached bryophytes to the ________

substrate

Did rhizoids provide a strong anchor for the plant?

No

\
Roots have prominent

vascular tissue

What penetrates deep in the soil to reach sources of water?

roots

Majority of roots establish a __________ with ____

symbiotic relationship; fungi

What improves their

* photosynthetic efficiency
* capture more sunlight with increased surface area

Leaves, sporophylls, and strobilli

______ are leaves that were modified structurally to bear sporangia

Sporophylls

_____ are cone-like structures that contain sporangia

Strobili

Seedless Vascular plants include

* club mosses
* horsetails
* ferns
* whisk ferns

Phylum name for club mosses

lycopodiophyta

Phylum Monilophyta includes 3 classes:

* Equisetopsida
* Psilotopsida
* Polypodiopsida

Class name for horsetails

equisetopsida

Class name for whisk ferns

Psilotopsida

Class name for true ferns

polypodiopsida

What seedless vascular plant was the earliest group of their kind?

Club mosses

Can club mosses be both homosporous or heterosporous?

Yes

Are club mosses gametophyte or sporophyte dominant?

Sporophyte

Phylum Monilophyta includes

* horsetails
* whisk ferns
* true ferns

The _____ is the transition group of botanical homospory to heterospory

ferns

What phylum is of the most widespread seedless vascular plants?

Monilophyta