1. Biological Molecules

True or false: no new class of antibiotics have been discovered since 2003.

False: The last new class was discovered in 1987.

What is the definition of lysis?

Lysis is the splitting open of cells.

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

The kidneys remove excess substances and toxins from the blood.

Which nutrient is likely lacking if a plant has severe yellowing?

Magnesium, because it is an essential part of chlorophyll.

What are biological molecules made of?

Biological molecules are composed of atoms and molecules.

What is covalent bonding?

Covalent bonding is when two atoms share a pair of electrons.

What characterizes ionic bonding?

In ionic bonding, one atom donates an electron and the other receives it, forming ions.

How many bonds can Carbon form?

Carbon can form 4 bonds.

What is an ion?

An ion is an atom or molecule where the number of electrons is not equal to the number of protons.

Why are cations positive?

Cations are positive because they lose electrons, which are negatively charged.

What is a monomer?

A monomer is a single molecular unit.

What is a polymer?

A polymer is a substance made of three or more repeating molecular units.

What is the process of forming polymers from monomers?

Polymers are formed through a condensation reaction, where H2O is released.

What happens during the breakdown of polymers?

The breakdown occurs via a hydrolysis reaction, where H2O is used.

What is the role of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the body?

Calcium ions are necessary for nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction.

Name two necessary anions in the body.

Nitrate ions (NO3-) and phosphate ions (PO43-).

What is an example of the function of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in the body?

Bicarbonate ions help maintain blood pH.