TFA

Which of the following is an example of scarcity?

a mine suspends operations due to the lack of remaining coal

Scarcity

a situation in which there are not enough resources to fulfill all human needs and desires (finite and limited and production)

A family started a small business making and selling candles. The candles became popular so quickly that the family was unable to produce the quantity of candles being purchased. The family increased the price of the candles by $5. At the new price, candle orders decreased to a number that they could fulfill in a reasonable time period. This scenario demonstrates

the law of demand

the law of demand

states that as price increases, quantity demanded decreases.

the law of supply

states that as price increases, quantity supplied increases

Communism is founded on what basic principle?

public ownership of all goods and services

The goal of Communism

do away with class and government and create an ideal society where all people collectively own all goods and services.

In economics, the need to make choices arises due to

scarcity

If the market price of cabbage drops, you can infer that what has happened to cause this change?

Consumers have been buying less cabbage.

Which of the following is not a type or categorization of industrialized economy?

trade

Which of the following is NOT typically used to measure the likelihood of economic activity in a given region?

number of competing industries

What is typically used to measure the likelihood of economic activity in a given region?

entrepreneur, land, capital, labor

Labor includes which of the following?

employees who work at a steel mill producing steel

Labor

refers to the human work used to produce a good.

Ms. Hanson pre-teaches the term "scarcity" to her class before reading a text during a social studies lesson. What concept is she most likely teaching?

the free enterprise system

the free enterprise system

economic system operated by the market, not the government

the circular flow of money

represents the flow of money through various parts of the economy

A student works for the local newspaper delivering papers. He uses money from his paycheck to buy a pair of shoes at a local store, which uses that money to pay their property tax. Which of the following is best illustrated by this scenario?

the circular flow of money

A city council has voted to decrease planned investment in new parks in order to improve a damaged bridge in the city. This is an example of a decision motivated by

scarcity

A teacher is planning a unit about different types of economies (traditional, command, and market). Which of the following instructional aides would be most beneficial for the teacher to use to help the students understand the difference between the economies?

a chart comparing the creation and distribution of goods in each economic system

Microeconomics is best understood as

the study of individuals and their decisions.

Mrs. Yarbrough wants to demonstrate to her students the difference in the standard of living between citizens of various countries. Which of the following metrics would be most useful to share with the students?

per capita gross domestic product

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

measures the economic output of a country

it is a monetary value of goods and services produced by a country.

GDP measures the economic output of __________ while GNP measures the economic output of a ___________

a nation , a citizen

a nation's citizens

In North Korea, the government determines which goods should be produced and at what quantities. This is an example of a:

command economy.

command economy

the government determines what is produced and how much is produced.

mixed economy

market-based economic system with limited government involvement Ex: Sweden

An English language arts teacher has several English language learners from Mexico in her class. At the start of the year the ELLs were assessed, and the results determined that they all have strong literacy skills in Spanish. Because of this, which of the following should not need to be explicitly taught to these students?

basic metacognitive strategies

basic metacognitive strategies

methods that help people understand how they learn and think about their thinking.

alphabetic awareness

that letters have names and sounds and that letters combine to form words, phrases, and sentences.

Which of the following best describes the alphabetic principle?

the understanding that words are composed of letters that represent sounds

A student has demonstrated some phonological awareness but continues to struggle with phonemic awareness. The student's struggle with phonemic awareness is likely to lead to which of the following literacy development challenges?

difficulty decoding words

Which is an accurate statement about effective reading instruction?

Reading comprehension is increased when reading fluency is increased.

A rubric would be an appropriate way to assess which of the following?

a fourth grader's personal narrative

Mr. Clark teaches a diverse population of students, including English Language Learners. Despite their necessity in many situations, Mr. Clark isn't a proponent of summative assessments. Mr. Clark would most likely support which of the following?

daily submission of homework assignments and weekly student-teacher feedback sessions

Ms. Nguyen is teaching English Language Learners whose native language follows a right-to-left pattern of print directionality. Which instructional strategy would be most effective in helping her address potential language interference?

Incorporating activities that explicitly compare and contrast print directionality between English and the students' native language.

Which of the following best describes a value specific to assessing with an authentic task?

a skill being used in a context that has meaning and value outside of the classroom context.

authentic assessment

incorporates real world tasks and is often more motivating for students that traditional assessments.

Which of the following statements about phonemic awareness is most accurate?

Phonemic awareness is an early indicator of students becoming strong readers.

Sometimes, reading difficulties are known not to result from a lack of education opportunities or limited intellect. Recent educational research has found that these difficulties are most often the result of what instead?

lack of skills in phonological processing

Which of the following could be evidence of bias in a formal, standards based assessment?

Students of differing cultural backgrounds who have been performing similarly when informally assessed, unexpectedly score very differently from each other.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the current understanding of emergent literacy?

Children develop an understanding of reading and writing long before formal education of phonemes begins.

Mr. Chalmers wants to evaluate the learning progress of his English language learners over the past few weeks. Since there are no major formal assessments scheduled in the upcoming week, which of the following would be the most appropriate informal assessment of the students' learning progress?

Listening in on the ELL students' group activities

A sixth-grade teacher has assigned a research project that will have a writing and presentation component. Students will also be graded on their ability to correctly cite their sources. The project would best be evaluated using which of the following?

a rubric

A student in the early stage of literacy development would be most likely to:

have limited writing skills but be able to reread their own writing.

Proficient/Fluent/Transitional Stage

recognize many words and working on using correct punctuation and spelling

Emergent Stage (2 to 4 years)

start to recognize environmental print Ex: traffic signs, and stores may be able to write a few letters especially in their names ( could be written in reverse or uppercase)

Phonological awareness

is the ability to recognize and manipulate the sounds of a spoken language

Alphabetic knowledge

is the ability to recognize, name, and form letters.

Alphabetic Principle

is the understanding that speech sounds (phonemes) are represented by graphemes made of letters.

Synthetic Phonics

Students learn to blend together letters and combinations into sounds to forms words

Analogy- Based Phonics

Students learn to use a rime (phonogram) in a familiar word to read an unfamiliar word with the same rime Ex: -at " cat", "bat", "rat",

Analytic Phonics

By identifying a familiar word Then focusing on a certain sound/spelling relationship within the word Ex: sit → lip → tip

Embedded Phonics

Embedded within authentic reading experiences and introduced informally

Informal Assessments

• class or small group discussions

• Oral retelling

• Listening to students who have volunteered to read aloud or share a response

• Observing student interest and facial expressions during lessons

Formal Assessments

• Reading-error analyses

• Phonics surveys

• Spelling surveys

• Oral Reading Fluency Measures

pre-assessment occurs

at the beginning of the instruction

pre-assessment

Used to determine students' current skills levels and allow the teacher to plan instruction accordingly

Diagnostic assessment

Used to diagnose a specific difficulty a student is having to draw conclusions about the cause(s) of a student's reading difficulties.

Curriculum-based assessment

Used to track student progress throughout instruction - taken directly from curriculum

curriculum-based assessment examples

pre-test, informal assessments throughout, post-test

Formative Assessment

Advises instruction towards objective, answers What do I teach next

Summative Assessment

Summarizes student's performance on the objective, answers What did my students learn?

Criterion-referenced assessments

compares student performance to a criterion in form of percentage

Norm-referenced assessments

compares students to each other then rank them according to performance in form of percentile against the normal curve Ex: SAT, IQ tests

Progress Monitoring

assessments given to keep track of student growth towards specific objective

Performance-Based Assessment

students apply knowledge to complete a process or create a product

Portfolio

a collection of student work to show growth over time

universal screener

gathers data on all students. The purpose is typically to group students into groups, such as intervention groups.

Stephen F. Austin

known as "Father of Austin" , established the first Anglo-American settlement in Texas

Sam Houston

First president of the Republic of Texas

Miriam A Ferguson

first female governor of Texas. known for her support of education and her opposition to the Ku Klux Klan

Barbara Jordan

first African American elected to the Texas Senate and later became the first African American woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives

Ann Richards

second female governor

Battle of San Jacinto

Texan General Sam Houston defeats Mexican General Santa Anna at the

Battle of Gonzales

______ is remembered for the Texan militia's resistance to Mexican attempts to retrieve a cannon, marking the beginning of armed conflict in the revolution.

Battle of the Alamo

Texans are defeated by the Mexican army at

Oil

is discovered in Corsicana, Texas, which eventually leads to the development of the modern __ industry.

Galveston

Both the economy and population of ___ quickly rebounded and the city again became a leading exporter for Texas and the Gulf region as a whole.

conquistadors

motivated by three primary factors: God, gold, and glory

Alonso Álvarez de Pineda

a Spanish explorer who, in 1519, mapped the coast of Texas as well as surrounding coastlines. His maps are the first records of Texas history

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

the first European explorer to actually explore the lands of Texas.

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

his exploration of large areas of modern-day Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas,

Horses

Native Peoples began domesticating ___ for use in farming, hunting, and warfare.

Missions

religious settlements built with the aim of spreading (sometimes by force) Spanish culture and Catholicism among the Native Americans.

encomiendas

land grants from the crown giving the receivers the right to extract as much wealth for themselves from a specific area as possible, either through forced labor or through the forced payment of tributes from the Native populations.

alcaldes

The heads of each town

haciendas

large, plantation-style estates

acequias

shared waterways to irrigate the fields.

presidios

fortified bases that were used to guard settlements against attacks by Native Americans, settlers from other countries, and pirates.

San Antonio

first official Spanish settlement in Texas

empresarios

entrepreneurs, were given unrestricted rights to settle in a region as long as they were Catholic and assumed full responsibility for recruiting and governing colonists in their region.

Moses Austin

secured the first ( and only) empresarial grant issued by Spain -- Old 300

Miguel Hidalgo

a priest advocating for independence from Spain, returning lands to the indigenous populations, and ending slavery ( Grito de Dolores)

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

Treaty that ended the Mexican-American War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Manifest Destiny

was the belief it was God's destiny for America to stretch from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

The Republic of Texas

ceased to exist in 1845, when it was annexed by the United States, and would later change shape after selling a large swath of northern land to the United States Government.

Thornton Affair

a Mexican military force engaged a U.S. patrol along the Rio Grande River, killing sixteen U.S. soldiers in what is now known as the