Matter and Energy - flashcards

Matter

The 'stuff' of the universe

Mass

The amount of matter in an object

Volume

The amount of space an object occupies

Solid

A state of matter with a definite shape and volume

Liquid

A state of matter with a definite volume, but changeable shape

Gas

A state of matter with a changeable shape and volume

Energy

The capacity to do work or put matter into motion

Kinetic Energy

Energy in action

Potential Energy

Stored (inactive) energy

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in bonds of chemical substances

Electrical Energy

Results from movement of charged particles

Mechanical Energy

Directly involved in moving matter

Radiant Energy

Exhibits wavelike properties, such as visible light

Energy Conversion

The process of converting energy from one form to another

Elements

Unique substances that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means

Atoms

More-or-less identical building blocks for each element

Atomic Symbol

A one or two letter shorthand for each element

Physical Properties

Properties detected with our senses

Chemical Properties

Properties that pertain to the way atoms interact with one another

Oxygen

The most abundant element in the human body

Carbon

The second most abundant element in the human body

Hydrogen

The third most abundant element in the human body

Nitrogen

The fourth most abundant element in the human body

Lesser Elements

Elements that make up 3.9% of the human body

Trace Elements

Elements that make up less than 0.01% of the human body

Atomic Structure

The structure of an atom, including neutrons, protons, and electrons

Neutrons

Neutrally charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom

Protons

Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom

Electrons

Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom

Atomic Number

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Isotopes

Structural variations of the same element

Atomic Weight

The average of the mass numbers of all isotope forms of an atom

Radioisotopes

Heavier isotopes of some elements that are unstable and undergo radioactive decay

Molecules

Two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Compound

Two or more different kinds of atoms chemically bonded together

Mixtures

Physically intermixed combinations of two or more components

Solutions

Homogeneous mixtures of components, with a solvent and solute

Solvent

The substance present in the greatest amount in a solution

Solute

The substance(s) present in smaller amounts in a solution

Colloids

Heterogeneous mixtures with dissimilar composition in different areas

Suspensions

Heterogeneous mixtures with large, visible particles that tend to settle out

Chemical Bonds

Bonds formed using the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom

Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms

Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed by the sharing of two or more electrons between atoms

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds responsible for surface tension in water

Chemical Reactions

Occur when chemical bonds are formed, rearranged, or broken

Synthesis Reactions

Reactions that involve bond formation and building molecules

Decomposition Reactions

Reactions that break down molecules into smaller molecules

Exchange Reactions

Reactions that involve both synthesis and decomposition, with bonds being made and broken

Exergonic Reactions

Reactions that result in a net release of energy

Endergonic Reactions

Reactions that result in a net absorption of energy

Anabolic Reactions

Reactions that involve bond formation and building molecules (synthesis reactions)

Catabolic Reactions

Reactions that involve breaking down molecules (decomposition reactions)