Unit 1 440

List basic tissue from superficial to deep:

skin, subcutaneous tissue, deep fascia, muscle, deep fascia, bone

what is a network of nerves?

nerve plexus

nerve plexus’s branch from what, to innervate the neck, limbs, and body?

ventral rami

What are the 4 plexus’s?

cervical (c1-c4), brachial (c5-c8, t1), lumbar (t12, l1-l4), sacral (l4-l5, s1-s4)

What connects the glands to the dermis in breast tissue?

suspensory retinacula (of cooper)

what carries and stores milk from the glands to the nipple?

lactiferous ducts

Is the lymphatic system a closed circuit?

no

What type of flow is the lymphatic system?

unidirectional flow (towards the heart only)

What are the small, round or bean-shaped aggregates of tissue that are sites of lymphocyte production?

lymph nodes

Lymph nodes filter lymph using what?

macrophages

Where are superficial lymph nodes located?

cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

Where are the deep lymph nodes located?

abdominal aorta and along iliac arteries

often lymph nodes must be biopsied in malignancies to rule out what?

metastasis

What protects the thoracic viscera as well as helping with limb movement?

muscles of the chest wall

What primarily play a role in forced expiration?

intercostal muscles

What are the 3 types of ribs in the thoracic cage?

true (1-7), false (8-12), floating (11-12)

What are the 3 types of joints in the thoracic cage?

costochondral, costovertebral, sternocostal

What are the 3 primary components of the sternum?

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

What part of the rib is most susceptible to fracture?

area just anterior to the angle

What runs in the costal groove on the inferior aspect of the rib?

neurovascular structures (vein, artery, nerve)

What is a connection between two tubular structure to maintain flow, supplying the same structure?

anastomosis

Intercostal veins will drain the thorax into what?

internal thoracic veins or azygous system

What are the compartments of the thorax?

medial and two lateral

The mediastinum is divided into four additional compartments being?

superior, anterior, middle, posterior

What is contained in the anterior mediastinum?

thymus in children

What is contained in middle mediastinum?

heart, pericardium, roots of the great vessels

What is contained in posterior mediastinum?

esophagus, azygous veins, aorta, trachea, thoracic duct, autonomic nerves

What is the primary muscle of respiration?

diaphragm

The diaphragm is innervated by what?

C3, 4, and 5

What is an immune system gland which involutes and regresses into adipose with age? And almost never identifiable in cadavers

thymus

The thymus is the site of what?

t cell development

The majority of the sternocostal surface is the what?

right ventricle

The left lateral border is mostly the?

left ventricle

The right lateral surface of the heart is mostly what?

right atrium

What makes up a portion of the posterior surface?

left atria

What are the two layers of pericardium the heart is encased in?

serous (visceral and parietal) and fibrous

What circuit is blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs?

pulmonary circuit

What is the circuit where blood vessels carry blood to and from the rest of the body?

systemic circuit

Arteries exit the aorta through what?

ostia

What is an opening or orifice between two openings? (sinuses, fallopian tubes, briefly foramen ovale in development)

ostium

The left anterior descending aorta primarily supplies what?

left atrium, left ventricle, and anterior interventricular septum

The right coronary artery primarily supplies what?

right atrium, right ventricle, SA and AV nodes, diaphragmatic surface, and posterior surface

In 70-85% of people, the right coronary artery gives rise to what?

posterior descending artery

What provides oxygenated blood to the posterior surface of the heart?

posterior descending aorta

The right atrium receives blood fro what?

vena cava and coronary sinus

The free wall of the right ventricle is what than the left?

thinner

What typically seals in infancy?

valve of foramen ovale

In some people, the foramen ovale does not properly close

paradoxial emboli

What two ventricles does the interventricular septum separate?

membranous and muscular

What are the five main conduction segments?

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, and purkinje fibers

Located in the right atrial wall and is known as the heart’s pacemaker

sinoatrial node

Located in the inferior segment and receives input from SA node. Slow signal due to fewer gap junctions

atrioventricular node

Located in the superior portion and receives signal from the AV node with no gap junctions to pass electrical signals. This is the first segment linking atrial conduction to ventricular conduction

atrioventricular bundle

Located along left and right sides and receives signal from the AV bundle and send it down to the apex of the heart. Sends electrical signal to the left and right ventricular walls

bundle branches

penetrate into the apex and receives signal from the bundle branches and completes the conduction cycle. more elaborate in the left chamber

purkinje fibers

What are the great vessels?

svc, ivc, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, aorta

What vascularizes various structures of the head and neck?

external carotid artery

What does the venous drainage from the superior portions of the body drain through?

subclavians and jugular veins from brachiocephalic veins

the brachiocephalic veins converge to form what?

superior vena cava

What are the drainage sites of lymphatic ducts?

left and right venous angles

What drains the upper extremity?

right lymphatic duct

What drains all other aspects of the body and empties into the left venous angle?

thoracic duct

What is air transport and other functions?

conducting

What is gas exchange?

respiratory

Most muscles that control the larynx are controlled by what cranial nerve?

vagus nerve

What is it called when you insert the blade into the vallecula to pull the epiglottis out of the way?

intubation

What is a mediastinal structure which transmits air and has rings of cartilage, connective tissues, and muscle?

trachea

How many times will the bronchial tree divide up to?

23

What extensive surface area increases the efficiency of gas exchange?

alveoli

Alveoli are covered in what?

extensive capillary network

What branch off the aorta to feed the bronchi?

bronchial arteries

Bronchial arteries provide nutrients to what?

pulmonary parenchyma

The pleura of the lungs are composed of what?

visceral and parietal layers

The parietal pleura forms what?

costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, and cervical pleura

Pleura reflects in on itself where?

hilum of the lung

This happens when air enters the pleural cavity and can cause the lung to collapse inwards

tension pneumothorax

The lobes of the lung further divide into what?

bronchopulmonary segments

There is extensive lymph drainage of what?

bronchial tree and lungs

What are the openings of the diaphragm that allow passage of structures from the thorax to the abdomen?

caval foramen (T8), esophageal hiatus (T10), aortic hiatus (T12)

shiny surface of the lungs

visceral pleura

shiny surface on the inside of the thoracic cavity

parietal pleura

spaces between the two pleurae, contains lubricating, pleural fluid

pleural cavities

what is a common site of fluid collection in the pleural space?

costodiaphragmatic recess

central receptors of the brainstem sense what?

co2 levels

peripheral receptors in the carotid and aortic bodies sense what?

o2 levels and ph

In a fetus, oxygenated blood comes from what?

placenta

What are the 3 bypasses of a fetus?

2 bypass the fetal lungs (foramen ovale and ductus arteriosis) and 1 bypasses liver (ductus venosus)

the placenta develops from what?

trophoblast cells

What assumes responsibility for hormone production and nutrient/oxygen supply to the fetus?

placenta

What is the umbilical cord composed of?

1 umbilical vein and 2 umbilical arteries

This goes towards the heart and carries O2-rich blood/nutrients from placenta to fetal vessels

umbilical vein

This carries CO2 and waste products from fetus to placenta and arise from internal iliac arteries

umbilical arteries

The placenta detoxifies circulating blood so not all blood needs to pass through what?

liver parenchyma

What shunts some blood away from fetal liver allowing O2/nutrients?

ductus venosus

What is a one way valve from the right atrium to the left atrium?

foramen ovale

Where is the higher pressure in the heart valve?

right atrium

When the foramen ovale closes it becomes what?

foramen ovalis

What is the connection between pulmonary trunk and aorta?

ductus arteriosus

When the ductus arteriosus closes it becomes what?

ligamentum arteriosum

What continues inferior to the pharynx?

proximal esophagus