early euro history exam #2

weeks 5-9

king alfred (the great) of england

last anglo saxon king left as vikings settle across nothern anglo territory

in 878 he wins a key battle (vikings convert and retreat), creating space for his new territory, which would grow with his dynasty

seen as both a warrior king, but with great care for intellect

known for dev of “english” political and ethnic identity

the capetian dynasty

emergence of “france”

began in 888 with count odo and was most cemented by 987 (lasting till early 1000s) after 6 ish kings

most notably starting w/ hugh captet

went from very little overlord power to controlling all of france, from a “government of thugs” to what we know today

the ottonian dynasty

est by otto the great, who defeated muslims, invaded italy, and crowned “emperor of the romans” in 962

linking germany and nothern italy

the agricultural revolution

people began clearing more land, conditions improved, econ self interest expanded (feudal society), new tech (3 field crop rotations/windmills/ plows/watermills)

surplus meant wealth and power grew, creating the market econ and commodifying subsistence

manorialism

economic system where nobles/king exploit land and labour on their manors

pope gregory the 7th (VII)

led gregorian reforms

to some “vioent” and “unforgivable”

the gregorian reforms

majors reforms, started by leo 9th and cluniac monks

goals: fight simony (buying/selling of church offices), clerical celibacy, creating a college of cardinals, emph of seperation from secular lives

emperor henry the 4th (IV)

vs pope gregory, key figure in the investiture conflict, henry was not a fan of reforms as it impacted his (vast) power

called the pope a “false monk”, excommunicated and german nobles dont help him (it gives them more power)

• humbles himself in late 1000s to save himself, then kicks gregory out of rome

• conflict settled at the concordot of worms in 1112, a win for reforming popes

the investiture controversy

the concordat of worms

emperor frederick I (“barbarossa”)

sought to fight papal authority and noble overstep- very anti pope (pet pope) in favor of northern italian control

refused to deamean himself for traddition

the “reconquista”

reconquest of the iberian peninsula formerly held by a caliphate

robert guiscard

“the sneaky”

legitmized norman rule in southern italy via the treaty of melfi

• southern italy/scicially was cosmo and wealthy! very culturally mixed!

married powerful byzantine princess, giving him selerno

established italy and sicily as a powerful state, blending norman, byzantine, and muslim rule

pope urban II

preched the 1st crusade

addressed bishops at the council of clermont in 1095 that everyone SHOULD go fight as soliders of christ

period of important euro shifts and growth, holy violence

the first crusade

first idea of holy violence, by 1099 they take back holy land and kill the emperor, high point of crusades, states are established (but would not last)

the fourth crusade

pope innocent 3, most powerful pope of middle ages! and NO kings, sailed to holy land, excommunicated crusaders, takes constantinople

king william I of england (“the conqueror”)

norman, defeats anglo saxons, maintains insts but rids old aristocracy, imposing a new colonial class

remained king of england AND duke of normandy in the contest of control between normans, anglos saxsons and norwegians

his son dev beurocratic gov (courts, treasury, chancery)

king henry II of england

henrys grandson, married elanoer (after louis (?)) and became duke of aquitaine (along w/ king of england, normans, anjous)

dev english common law, judicial innovation, exchequer, record keeping

king louis 6th of france (VI)

the fat, took more solid french control, est royal officals, allainces w church (pope and locally)

st denis, orderly and prosporus rule

king louis 7th of france (VII)

the fats son, married elanore (annulled in 1152!)

led 2nd crusad

became duke of aquitaine, expanding france by a long way

queen eleanor of aquitaine

mother of richard, who would rise against his father

grandmother to blanche

peter abelard

sie et non → scholasticism (bernard beefs w this)

yes or no? asks questions about theology, how we know things to be true, crticaly thinking 158 questions)

heloise (of the paraclete)

during the rise of logic period (unis apear in 1190s, what is a degree, a student)

st bernard of clairvaux

main guy of 2nd crusade, antagonist of ablard, interior spiritual life, away from society, cistercian order, very respected

pope innocent III

first pope educated in paris (legal teachings) and was young

4th crusade

flexability w apolistic life

approved 2 new orders known as friars, by 1200s theyre all over europe

one of the most powerful!

st francis of assisi

son of a merchent, playboy, then wants to be a knight, then taken captive

inspired by vita apolsitca and poverty vows

fatres minores → little humble brothers !

st dominic

preaching fathers

preit and canon in castile

vita apolistica as means of preaching against hersay

st clare of assisi

known by and inspired by fransis

accepts enclosre, but wants poverty and becomes an absess

her “form of life” was approved on her deathbed, she is made a saint and her oder is created after her death

1990s to mid 1200

king john of england

enlanore son, took power after richard the lionhart, marries one of his nobles fiances, lost a lot of territory (normandy)

conflict w philip

forced to sign the manga carta to limit his power (sparks idea of rights!)

king henry III of england

vs his barrons and the reissuing of the manga carta several times over his rule

married elanore, but he hid her away towards the end ? (she stoked rise up of his sons)

1258- provissions at oxford

1264 war between henry and barrons, henry is captured…

in 1265, leader of rebellion is killed

king philip II (“augustus”) of france

ruled to 1223

heard about john marrying a nobles fiance

P summons J to paris, J doesnt show P takes his territroy in normandy and anjoux

grows french power far more than prior french kings

supported fredrick (so long as he gave up scicley)

queen blanche of castile

ruled on behalf of her son, king louis 9, while young and crusading

put down revolts, played part in gov even after he came of age

“ruled as well as any man”

king louis 9th of france (IX)

son of blanche

saint king, very pouis, went on crusade

chalres bother

ruled till 1270

chretien de troyes

“courtly love”

asks questions, sparking debate over stories

traditions of love poetry and new sets, creating “vernacular romance”

emerges first written tales of king aurthur (kinght of the cart)

wrote for daughter of elanore

marie de france

wrote lais and fables, translted from english to latin

wrote on lanval

women teaching women, she was highly literate!

thomas aquinas

wrote a famous summae (beldn fo theological teachings and aristotle), the “summa. theologica”, faith = logic

cannonized!

dante allighieri

wrote the divine comedy (3 books)

combines new logic and language w teachings of summae and popular literature

“a vernaculare summa of love and knowledge, outside universities”

mid 1200s early 1300s

the albigensian crusade

called for by innocent III

taxes church land to fund

concentration and explusion of heratics (spec southern france)

clminating in 4th latern council in 1215, attempt to improve church thinking w 71 cannons

detailing faith and calling for new crusade

pope gregory 9th (IX)

and the first inqisitors

use of friars are rational and cuting edge data collection (esp dominicans)

goal of breaking of networks of complecency and heritical living

emperor frederick II

fredrick vs gregory

cedes power in german to princes, keeps italy

pope excommunicates him

leads a crusafe, negotiates w muslins and takes jerusalem (crowns self king)

• second coming vs anti christ

died in 1250, son steps in till 1254

charles of anjou

took scicily in 1266, brother of french king

leds papal crusade in this territory while germany begins a turn to the weak

genhis khan

takes lands from iran to russian to tibet, very fast

following his death (1227), they move further into russian and ne europe and this shift is feared

gave way to mongol power rise, then exploration by fransiscans, and eventually innovations

empire fell mid 1300s due to explusion from some lands and plauge, still remaining in russia

marco polo

merchent in cihna

(mid to late 1200s)