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context - why was Britain unstable 1625?
conflicting interests
england largely anglican
scotland = presbytarian
ireland = cath
debt, econ instability - james war w spain, prev monarchs had sold lots crown lands to pay debts
⭡ pop
James I
reckless + extravagant w money
parl relationship - relatively positive, able to compromise ⭢ expectations Charles wld be similar
tensions - anger at foreign policies, C/Buckingham’s failed trip to Spain
strong belief divine rights - passed to C
possibly caused his stubbornness, disregard for diplomacy, desire to rule w/o parl
monarch powers
declare war, sign treaties
arbitrarily dissolve parl
grant pardons + honours
discontinue criminal charges
x make new powers
Duke of Buckingham
Chief Councillor
unpopular - no royal blood, mother/wife = cath
lots influence on king, unlimited power - cld remove rivals from court, dominated privy council, formulated govt policy
‘the great usurper’
disliked by old peers - doubted loyalty of new peers, hard to oppose him
blamed for poor finances
doctor beaten to death
Henrietta Maria
c’s wife
parl suspicious bc she = cath
c worsened this - made no. concessions to english caths, sent ships to la rochelle to suppress prot uprising in cath france
1st parl
April ‘25
why - funds for war w Spain
2 subsidies voted on (less than 1/4 of what c needed)
refused to vote on more unless they cld supervise its expenditure
tonnage + poundage voted for only a yr
= right for monarch to collect duties on every ton of wine + pound of imports
demanded it be renewed annually
usually given to monarch for whole life
offends c
Cadiz
c hoped to repeat prev successful raids of Cadiz (Sir Francis Drake)
sent fleet commanded by Buckingham
failed - ill equipped, soldiers drunk
over half men lost, expensive
parl angered by b’s foreign policy
poor image of c + country, bad for public morale
2nd parl
Dec ‘26
c needed money
c tried to keep opponents out of parl by naming them sheriffs
buckingham’s opp in commons - list of charges for impeachment (= process where govt officials/advisors accused of crimes by HoC + tried in HoL)
eg abused crowns patronage to favour self
mps refused to vote taxation until lords sentenced him
said wld consider ways to give crown permanent revenue
c tried to stop lords who = against b attending (failed) ⭢ dissolved parl to avoid impeachment
‘26-28 events
forced Loan
billeting of soldiers
5 knights case
expedition to Rhe
buckingham death
forced loan
raised by c for money w/o parl consent (angry)
chances of repayment = low
raised £250,000
billeting of soldiers
organising army in absence of a standing army
c billeted soldiers to punish opponents + obtain troops to fight against france + spain
unpopular - troops infrequently paid (disruptive)
hard for local ppl to call them to account
can only be tried in military court under martial law
5 knights case
5 imprisoned knights who had x paid forced loan applied to Court of King’s Bench for a writ of habeas corpus (gives prisoner right to go before court + demand to know reason for detention)
court denied request (appointed by king)
significance - king abusing power for pol means
hadn’t declared legitimate charge
norm = only imprisons ppl w/o charge in state sec cases
Expedition to Rhe
‘27 summer, led by b
to capture the Ile de Rhe
forced to withdraw
lacked resources, lost thousands soldiers to disease
⭣ b popularity esp in parl
3rd parl
Jan ‘28
war funds
parl critical of c actions - want him to sign Petition of Rights which banned =
taxation w/o parl consent
imprisonment w/o trial
soldier billeting
Charles initially refused
consented post checking w judges that they wld still enforce his emergency powers
dissolved bc commons criticised b + Laud
buckingham death
‘28
stabbed to death by John Felton (unpaid soldier)
revenge for b dismissing his petitions
allowed his personal enemies to advance in royal service
Wentworth, Digby
3rd parl recalled
post b death
c hoped parl wld finally cooperate w him
parl complaints
c ordered speaker to leave seat if anyone began talking (indicates session end)
commons held speaker in chair + read out 3 resolutions
anyone assoc w arminianism, popery, or taking part in tonnage poundage = enemy of state
dissolved - to stop resolutions being voted on
main causes of charles-parl conflict
duke of buckingham
power, fam, cadiz, rhe, causes parl to be dissolved
charles
personality, marriage, advisors, dissolves parl, forced loan, billeting, 5 knights
parl
tonnage poundage, impeachment, x funding, petition of rights, 3 resolutions (⭢ personal rule)
foreign + religious affairs
wars (funds, spain, france)
c favouring arminians (fear of cath, laud)