missed exam 4 practice

enteric nervous system

governs the function of the gastrointestinal system. Often referred to as the "second brain," it operates independently of the central nervous system but communicates with it.

spinocerebellar

tract carry sensory information from the spinal cord to the cerebellum, essential for coordinating movement and balance.

spinothalamic

tract carries sensory information related to pain and temperature from the spinal cord to the thalamus, playing a crucial role in processing these sensations.

reticulospinal

tract originates in the brainstem and influences motor control and reflexes by modulating the activity of spinal motor neurons.

corticospinal

tract originates in the cerebral cortex and is responsible for voluntary motor control of the body, sending signals to the spinal cord to facilitate movement.

muscarinic receptors

Subtypes of acetylcholine receptors found in various tissues, including the brain and parasympathetic nervous system, that mediate neurotransmission and cellular responses.

what releases acetylcholine

cholinergic neurons, primarily found in the central and peripheral nervous systems, to transmit signals across synapses.

what binds to acytylcholine

muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in various tissues, facilitating signal transmission across synapses.

what releases Epinephrine

The adrenal medulla and sympathetic neurons, playing a critical role in the 'fight or flight' response.

what releases norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is released by sympathetic neurons and the adrenal medulla, serving as a neurotransmitter and hormone that prepares the body for action.

thoracolumbar

A term referring to the spinal nerves that emerge from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spine, which are involved in the sympathetic nervous system activation.

craniosacral

A term referring to the spinal nerves that emerge from the brainstem and sacral region, which are involved in the parasympathetic nervous system activation.

ALS

is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy.

Multiple sclerosis

is an autoimmune disorder that affects the central nervous system, leading to the degradation of myelin sheaths and resulting in various neurological symptoms.

Parkinsons

disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement and is characterized by tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.

basal ganglion

is a group of nuclei in the brain involved in the control of movement, motor planning, and coordination.

strokes

are sudden interruptions of blood flow to the brain, leading to potential brain damage and various impairments depending on the affected area.

Broca’s area

is a region in the frontal lobe of the brain that is crucial for language production and processing, typically located in the left hemisphere.

Wernicke area

is an area in the temporal lobe of the brain essential for language comprehension, usually located in the left hemisphere.

brachial nerve plexus

is a network of nerves located in the neck and shoulder region, responsible for motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb.

cervical enlargement

is a region of the spinal cord that supplies nerves to the upper limbs, located approximately between the C3 and T1 vertebrae.

difference between cervical enlargement and brachial nerve plexus

The cervical enlargement is an internal spinal cord feature where nerves originate.

The brachial plexus is an external network where those nerves are organized and distributed to the upper limb.

oligodendrocytes

are a type of glial cell in the central nervous system that produce myelin, which insulates axons to improve signal transmission.

dorsal column- medial leminscal

pathway that carries sensory information about touch and proprioception to the brain.

reticulospinal

tract that facilitates motor control and reflexes, particularly in the coordination of limbs.

difference between reticulospinal and dorsal column-medial leminscal

The reticulospinal tract is primarily involved in motor control and reflexes, whereas the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway is responsible for transmitting sensory information about touch and proprioception to the brain.

where is the 4th ventricle

Located in the brainstem, between the cerebellum and the pons.

where is the 3rd ventricle

Located in the center of the diencephalon, between the two halves of the thalamus.

where is the lateral ventricle and what does it do

The lateral ventricles are located in each cerebral hemisphere, and they are involved in the production and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

hypoglossal

(CN XII) tongue movements, innervates 2/3

glossopharyngeal

(CN IX) responsible for taste and sensations from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, swallowing.

spinothalamic

Tract that transmits pain, temperature, and crude touch sensations to the thalamus.

difference between wernickes area and brocas area

Wernicke's area is involved in language comprehension, in the left temporal lobe, Broca's area is responsible for language production, in the left frontal lobe.

what nerve is the diaphragm

primarily innervated by the phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

what innervates the abdomen

The abdominal wall is primarily innervated by the lower intercostal nerves (T7-T11) and the subcostal nerve (T12).