APHG-U3.5-8-Vocab

Gimbutas Hypothesis

Def: theory on how Indo-European spread throughout Eurasia

Hearth: above Caspian Sea (4k b.c.)

How: conquest by horseback by the Kurgans

dialect

a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

mutual intelligibility

the ability of two people to understand each other when talking Sig: it determines whether they are speaking two dialects or different languages

extinct language

a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

Renfrew Hypothesis

Def: theory on how Indo-European spread throughout Eurasia

Hearth: Anatolia (Turkey), 6,700 b.c.

How: through the diffusion of agriculture

lingua franca

a language used among speakers of different speakers for the purpose of

trade and commerce

• Ex: Bazaar Malay (pidgin) & English

pidgin

• combination of 2 or more languages

to allow communication across

language groups

• Simplified structure and vocabulary

(no native speakers)

Creole language

a language that emerges from contact between two or more languages, typically in a colonial context.

monolingual states

countries in which one language is spoken (e.g. Japan)

acculturation

a process of adaptation of new traits or customs (doesn't have to lead to complete assimilation and isn't always unidirectional)

assimilation

a process of adaptation of the traits, customs & values of a host society. The process is unidirectional

cultural appropriation

the process by which other cultures adopt customs & knowledge and use them for their own benefit (negative connotation)

multiculturalism

focuses on cultural diversity, celebrating ethnic variety & teaching tolerance

toponym

the name of a place

globalization

actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

placelessness

loss of uniqueness of place (homogenization) so that one place looks like the other.

commodification

the changing of a cultural characteristic into something that can be bought and sold in a marketplace

language convergence

when two or more languages become similar becasuse of contact and exposure to each other

language divergence

a process where a distinct language splits into two different languages as their speakers stop interacting with each other.