Pretest_Chapter 11 - Bacteria and Archaea

You apply the acid-fast stain method to a patient's specimen, an aspirate from the lungs. Microscopic examination reveals a large number of bright pink-red bacillus-shaped bacteria in the smear. Which statement is true?

A) This is the expected outcome for normal sputum.

B) The patient has pneumonia.

C) The patient has tuberculosis.
D) The patient has an HIV infection.

C) The patient has tuberculosis.

Archaea have been found in many microenvironments in the human body. Which of the following microenvironments is most likely to fit with the designation of Archaea as "extremophiles?"

A) The gingiva and the gut are anaerobic. B) The temperature of the testes is less than 37°C.

C) The surface of the tongue has salt receptors.
D) The inner ear can withstand increased pressure.

A) The gingiva and the gut are anaerobic.

At present, the most accurate indicator of evolutionary relatedness among organisms is the _______.

A) size of the periplasmic space
B) similarities of cell membrane proteins
C) size of the bacterial chromosome
D) sequence of the ribosomal small subunit RNA
E) size of the ribosomes

D) sequence of the ribosomal small subunit RNA

Serological analysis for bacterial identification typically involves using _______.

A) specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens
B) methods to identify cell enzymes
C) the analysis of the appearance of colonies

D) a microscope to determine cell

morphology
E) the determination of guanine +

cytosine base concentrations

A) specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens

Which of the following is mismatched?

A) Gracilicutes -gram-negative cell walls

B) Firmicutes -gram-positive cell walls
C) Tenericutes - waxy,acid-fast cell walls

D) Mendosicutes -archaea cell walls

C) Tenericutes - waxy,acid-fast cell walls

A research laboratory that identifies the subspecies of bacterial isolates from a recent Salmonella epidemic would refer to Bergey's Manual of ______ Bacteriology for guidance in identification.

A) Determinative

B) Systematic
C) Evolutionary
D) Classical

B) Systematic

A clinical laboratory that identifies the bacterial agents that cause human disease would refer to Bergey's Manual of ______ Bacteriology for guidance in identification.

A) Determinative

B) Systematic
C) Evolutionary
D) Classical

A) Determinative

The reference for bacterial descriptions and classifications is _____ Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.

A) Pasteur's

B) Lister's
C) Bergey's
D) Leeuwenhoek's
E) Koch's

C) Bergey's

Which of the following is not a phenotypic trait of bacteria?
A) rRNA sequence
B) Cell shape
C) Nutrient requirements
D) Biochemical reactions

A) rRNA sequence

Which of the following is mismatched?

A) Methanogens - convert CO₂ and H₂ into methane
B) Extreme halophiles - adapted to salty habitats
C) Psychrophiles - adapted to very low temperatures
D) Hyperthermophiles - adapted to high temperatures
E) Thermoplasmas - adapted to warm-blooded animal environments

E) Thermoplasmas - adapted to warm-blooded animal environments

Halobacterium salinarum lives in and requires a high salt concentration. This is an example of an archaeon described as a ______.
A) halophile
B) thermophile
C) psychrophile
D) barophile

A) halophile

The function of bacterial endospores is _______.

A) reproduction and growth
B) protection of genetic material during harsh conditions

C) storage of excess cellular building blocks

D) to provide a protected site for photosynthesis

B) protection of genetic material during harsh conditions

Chemical analysis of a bacterial cell detects dipicolinic acid. What is the identity of this structure?

A) Cell wall

B) Capsule
C) Biofilm
D) Nucleoid
E) Endospore

E) Endospore

Bacterial endospores are produced by ______.
A) Staphylococcus
B) Entamoeba
C) Bacillus
D) Mycoplasma

C) Bacillus

All of the following occur during endospore germination except _______.

A) dehydration of the cell components
B) binding of a small organic molecule to initiate germination
C) enzymes digest the endospore cortex
D) the cell grows out of its protein coats

A) dehydration of the cell components

All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except ______.

A) inclusions
B) fimbriae
C) capsule
D) slime layer
E) gram-negative outer membrane

A) inclusions

Plasmids _______.
A) are found in all bacteria
B) are essential for survival
C) cannot be passed between organisms
D) are located in microcompartments
E) often carry genes controlling pathogenicity

E) often carry genes controlling pathogenicity

All bacterial cells have ______
A) a chromosome
B) an S-layer
C) the ability to produce endospores
D) capsules
E) flagella

A) a chromosome

Which of the following bacterial structures is incorrectly matched with a function?
A) Ribosomes - protein synthesis
B) Inclusions - excess cell nutrients and materials
C) Plasmids - contain genes essential for growth and metabolism
D) Nucleoid - hereditary material
E) Cytoplasm - dense, gelatinous solution

C) Plasmids - contain genes essential for growth and metabolism

The site for ATP synthesis in bacterial cells is the ______.

A) ribosome
B) mitochondrion

C) cell wall
D) cell membrane
E) microcompartment

D) cell membrane

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be that _______.
A) material would not cross the cell membrane
B) protein synthesis would stop
C) the chromosome would unravel
D) glycogen inclusions would form
E) holes would appear in the capsule

B) protein synthesis would stop

The chromosome in bacteria and archaea _______.
A) is located in the cell membrane
B) contains all the cell's plasmids
C) is part of the nucleoid
D) forms a single linear strand of DNA

C) is part of the nucleoid

A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is ______.

A) Mycobacterium
B) Mycoplasma
C) Streptococcus
D) Corynebacterium.
E) Bacillus

A) Mycobacterium

Mycobacterium and Nocardia are different from most gram-positive bacteria in that their cell walls _______.

A) contain more peptidoglycan

B) contain unique, waxy lipids
C) are easily decolorized during staining
D) contain a layer of lipopolysaccharide

B) contain unique, waxy lipids

Which of the following does not pertain to endotoxin?
A) Endotoxin is a bacterial cell wall lipid.
B) Endotoxin can stimulate fever in the human body.
C) Endotoxin can cause septic shock in the human body.
D) Endotoxin is found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls.

D) Endotoxin is found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls.

Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell envelope component of ______.
A) gram-negative bacteria
B) gram-positive bacteria
C) acid-fast bacteria
D) mycoplasmas
E) protoplasts

A) gram-negative bacteria

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial ______.
A) cell walls
B) cell membranes
C) capsules
D) slime layers
E) inclusions

A) cell walls

A bacterial cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is ______.
A) gram-negative
B) gram-positive
C) a protoplast
D) a spheroplast
E) acid-fast

B) gram-positive

The macromolecule containing alternating N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments is ______.

A) mycolic acid
B) lipopolysaccharide
C) peptidoglycan
D) lysozyme
E) teichoic acid

C) peptidoglycan

Gram-negative bacteria _______.

A) are generally more susceptible to antibiotics than gram-positive bacteria
B) have a more complex cell envelope with a greater variation in chemical composition

C) appear purple following the Gram stain

D) include all pathogens

B) have a more complex cell envelope with a greater variation in chemical composition

If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the ______.
A) endospore
B) cell wall
C) cell membrane
D) capsule
E) slime layer

B) cell wall

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the ______.
A) ribosomes
B) cell wall
C) cell membrane
D) flagella

B) cell wall

Which is the correct order for the application of reagents in the Gram stain?
A) Crystal violet, safranin, iodine, alcohol/acetone
B) Crystal violet, alcohol/acetone, iodine, safranin
C) Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol/acetone, safranin
D) Iodine, safranin, crystal violet, alcohol/acetone
E) Safranin, crystal violet, alcohol/acetone, iodine

C) Crystal violet, iodine, alcohol/acetone, safranin

The cell membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane comprise the ______.
A) glycocalyx
B) cell envelope
C) peptidoglycan
D) slime layer
E) S-layer

B) cell envelope

During the Gram stain, the application of alcohol results in the decolorization of ______ cells.
A) gram-positive
B) gram-negative
C) all
D) pleomorphic

B) gram-negative

Mycobacterium and Nocardia are distinguished from other bacteria by the ______ stain.
A) acid-fast
B) methylene blue
C) endospore
D) Gram
E) basic

A) acid-fast

The chemical bonds in peptidoglycan can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme _____, found in tears and saliva.
A) penicillinase
B) lysozyme
C) peptidase
D) kinase

B) lysozyme

Lysozyme is most effective against ______.

A) gram-negative organisms
B) gram-positive organisms

C) mycoplasmas
D) cyanobacteria
E) archaea

B) gram-positive organisms

Chemotaxis refers to the ability of a cell to _______.
A) move in response to light
B) move in response to a chemical
C) halt movement in response to a chemical
D) transport desired molecules into a cel

B) move in response to a chemical

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis must have ______.

A) fimbriae
B) a capsule
C) thylakoids
D) flagella
E) metachromatic granules

D) flagella

Which external structure protects bacteria from phagocytosis?
A) Slime layer
B) Fimbriae
C) Cell membrane
D) Capsule

D) Capsule

Two structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ______ and ______.

A) pili; ribosomes
B) fimbriae; capsules
C) lipopolysaccharide; techoic acid
D) actin filaments; phospholipid membranes
E) endospores; metachromatic granules

B) fimbriae; capsules

Spirochetes are able to move due to ______.

A) a periplasmic flagellum
B) a membrane-bound flagellum
C) cilia serving as walking feet
D) pseudopods
E) glycocalyx for gliding motility

A) a periplasmic flagellum

Two functions of bacterial appendages are ______ and ______.
A) attachment; motility
B) motility; energy production
C) antibiotic resistance; motility
D) attachment; energy production

A) attachment; motility

The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is ______.

A) amphitrichous
B) atrichous
C) lophotrichous
D) monotrichous
E) peritrichous

E) peritrichous

The term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from a single site is ______.
A) amphitrichous
B) atrichous
C) lophotrichous
D) monotrichous
E) peritrichous

C) lophotrichous

The term that refers to flagella at both poles of the cell is ______.
A) amphitrichous
B) atrichous
C) lophotrichous
D) monotrichous
E) peritrichous

A) amphitrichous

The bacterial flagellum has three components. In order from the cytoplasm to the external environment, they are ______.
A) filament, hook, and basal body
B) filament, basal body, and hook
C) basal body, hook, and filament
D) hook, basal body, and filament
E) basal body, filament, and hook

C) basal body, hook, and filament

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called ______.

A) flagella
B) cilia
C) fimbriae
D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)
E) pili

C) fimbriae

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called ______.
A) flagella
B) cilia
C) fimbriae
D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)
E) sex pili

E) sex pili

When bacilli in a chain fold back upon each other like a hinge, this cellular arrangement is termed a ______.

A) tetrad
B) strep
C) staph
D) sarcina
E) palisade

E) palisade

An irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells is termed ___.
A) streptobacillus
B) staphylobacillus
C) staphylococcus
D) streptococcus
E) staphylospirillum

C) staphylococcus

A chain of rod-shaped cells would be called a ______.
A) streptobacillus
B) Staphylobacillus
C) streptococcus
D) staphylococcus
E) palisade

A) streptobacillus

Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shape?

A) Coccus
B) Tetrad
C) Vibrio
D) Bacillus
E) Spirochete

B) Tetrad

88) Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except ______.

A) flagella
B) cilia
C) fimbriae
D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)
E) pili

B) cilia

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria?
A) DNA is free in the cytoplasm.
B) The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan or other distinct polysaccharides.
C) Ribosomes are present as the site of protein synthesis.
D) Organelles termed mitochondria are the site of ATP production.

D) Organelles termed mitochondria are the site of ATP production.

Alcohol-based hand sanitizers specifically target lipids, making them most effective when trying to eliminate ______.
A) gram-negatives
B) gram-positives
C) endospores
D) viruses
E) biofilms

A) gram-negatives

Which of the following properties are shared by both bacteria and archaea?
A) Method of DNA compaction
B) Single, circular chromosome
C) Ester linkages in fatty acids
D) Cell wall polysaccharides

B) Single, circular chromosome

The division of microbes termed the Mendosicutes have a cell wall type best described as ______.
A) archaeal
B) gram-negative
C) gram-positive
D) lacking a cell wall

A) archaeal

The division of microbes termed the Firmicutes have a cell wall type best described as ______.

A) archaeal
B) gram-negative
C) gram-positive
D) lacking a cell wall

C) gram-positive

Endospores are _______.
A) metabolically inactive
B) resistant to heat and chemical treatments
C) resistant to destruction by radiation
D) living structures
E) All of the choices are correct.

E) All of the choices are correct.